In direct communication when each process P and Q that wants to communicate must explicitly name the recipient or sender of the communication. In this case which of the following primitives are required. 1. send (P, message) 2. receive (Q, message) 3. receive (id, message)
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- Alice (Sender): Sends an encrypted message along with the encrypted symmetric key. Bob (Receiver): Decrypts the symmetric key using his private key, then decrypts the message using the symmetric key. give me in graphical represenation or dgarm flows to easily understandTwo processes CLT and SRV are involved in remote invocation with CLT acting as the client,while SRV acts as the server.(a) Highlight the underlying request-reply protocol using its primitives. (b) The request issued by C was not replied to on time. Explain the steps taken by bothprocessesusing the at-least-once semantics.(c) Explain the steps taken by both processes using the exactly-once semantics when CLT does not receive the response.Two processes C and S are involved in a remote invocation, with C acting as the client while S actsas the server.• Highlight the underlying request-reply protocol using its primitives.• S did not respond on time to the request issued by C. Explain the steps taken by bothprocesses using the at-least-once semantics.
- For example, Computer A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET. At the same time, computer A communicates with computer B by using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). For these processes to receive data simultaneously, we need a method to label the different processes. Could you explain that method?Consider two (2) communication services for use in asynchronous distributed systems.In service A, messages may be lost, duplicated or delayed and checksums apply only to headers. In service B, messages may be lost, delayed or delivered too fast for the recipient to handle them, but those that are delivered arrive in order and with the correct contents.i. Describe the classes of failure (arbitrary or omission errors) exhibited by each service.ii. Can service B be described as a reliable communication service?Give outcome of the given scenario: It only permits a user send five packets to its destination at once. Before the sender sends the sixth packet, the sender should wait for the first packet's ACK.
- The figure depicts K sources which are connected to the Internet via linksof capacity RS, and within the network fairly share a common link ofcapacity R to K destinations. Each destination is connected to the networkby a link of capacity RD. You can assume that there are no other links orsource-destination pairs in the network.Now suppose that source Si has an infinitely large file it wants to send todestination Di (i.e., each source sends to a different destination) a. In scenario b above, suppose we increase the capacity of the destinationlinks to 1 Gbps. Will this increase the throughput between sources anddestinations? Briefly (in less than 5 sentences) explain your answer.Computer Science Before the introduction of IEEE 802.11i, the security scheme for IEEE 802.11 was Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). Assume that the initialization vector (IV) is not used in WEP. Instead, RC4 is applied using K as input and producing s as output. Assume RC4(K, n) is applied for each packet and that all packets have the same length. If an attacker intercepts a single packet with ciphertext C1 and also has a known plaintext/ciphertext pair (P2, C2). Show how the attacker can find the plaintext P1. You can make use of an example by assuming some random data is being encrypted.When Bob wants to send Alice a message M on the Internet, he breaks M into n data packets, numbers the packets consecutively, and injects them into the network. When the packets arrive at Alice’s computer, they may be out of order, so Alice must assemble the sequence of n packets in order before she can be sure she has the entire message. Describe an efficient scheme for Alice to do this. What is the running time of this algorithm? From Data Structures and Algorithms C-7.56
-  Assume a simple network of two directly adjacent routers. At time T=0 seconds both sent updates (A -> B "can reach 10.0.0.0 with cost 1", B -> A "can reach 20.0.0.0 with cost 1"). At time T=10 second router B exploded and, as a sad consequence, it stopped sending or receiving any packets. Select all statements that are true: - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - If at T=15s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, it will not reach the destination - If at T=125s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=125s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=185s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=185s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24 - If at T=305s A sends a packet to 20.0.0.1, A will immediately drop the packet - At time T=305s node A has no knowledge about the route to 20.0.0.0/24Two neighboring nodes ( A and B ) use a sliding - window protocol with a 3 - bit sequence number . A go - back - N is used with a window size of 5 . Assuming A is transmitting and B is receiving , show the window positions for the following succession of events : a . ) Before A sends any frames b . ) After A sends frames 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and B acknowledges them . c . ) After A sends frames 5 , 6 , and 7 and B acknowledges them and the ACK is received by A.Let A and B be two stations attempting to transmit on Ethernet. Each has a steady queue of frames ready to send. A's frames will be numbered A₁, A₂ and so on, and B's similarly. Let T= 51.2 µs be the exponential backoff = base unit. Suppose A and B simultaneously attempt to send frame 1, collide, and happen to choose backoff times OxT and 1xT, respectively, meaning 'A' wins the race and transmits A₁, while B waits. At the end of this transmission, B will attempt to transmit B, while A will attempt to transmit A₂. These first attempts will collide, but now A backs off for either OxT or 1xT while B backs off for time equal to one of OxT......3xT. Give the probability that A wins the second backoff race.