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- Assume a market for fertilizers, and let D denote the demand of fertilizers while S their supply. The inverse demand is p = 10 - q, and the supply is MC = q. The marginal damage created by runoff water being exposed to fertilizers is MEC = q/2 The use of fertilizers is creating an externality and the government wishes to intervene in the market. Use a figure to depict the competitive outcome. Derive the competitive equilibrium outcome. Use a second figure to explain the negative externality attributed to the use of fertilizers. The use of fertilizers improves yield, but it also damages the underground aquifer. What is the Pigovian Tax? Use a figure to explain. Can it be used to correct for the externality? Derive the Pigovian tax and characterize the social optimum solution. Can a standard achieve the social optimum? What about a quota? Explain using a figure. Explain and show step-by-step for last two questions please!Assume a market for fertilizers, and let D denote the demand of fertilizers while S their supply. The inverse demand is p = 10 - q, and the supply is MC = q. The marginal damage created by runoff water being exposed to fertilizers is MEC = q/2 The use of fertilizers is creating an externality and the government wishes to intervene in the market. Use a figure to depict the competitive outcome. Derive the competitive equilibrium outcome. Use a second figure to explain the negative externality attributed to the use of fertilizers. The use of fertilizers improves yield, but it also damages the underground aquifer. What is the Pigovian Tax? Use a figure to explain. Can it be used to correct for the externality? Derive the Pigovian tax and characterize the social optimum solution. Can a standard achieve the social optimum? What about a quota? Explain using a figure. Explain and show step-by-step!The following table shows three demand schedules for a person who likes toplay football and/or go swimming. In scenario S1, his income is $100,000 per yearand swimming cost $18 each. In scenario S2, his income is also $100,000 peryear, but the price of swimming rises to $22 per round. And in scenario S3, hisincome increases to $140,000 per year while swimming cost $22 per round.A. Use data under S1 and S2 to calculate the cross elasticity of demand for footballat all three prices. (Use the midpoint formula) Is the cross elasticity the same at allthree prices? What type of goods are football and swimming? Why?b. Use data under S2 and S3 to calculate the income elasticity of demand forfootball at all three prices. (Use the midpoint formula) Is the income elasticity thesame at all three prices? Is football an inferior good? Why?Quantity DemandedPrice S1 S2 S3$100 30 20 3070 50 30 6040 80 40 100
- What is the efficient outcome in this market? Equivalently, which types of bikes should changetheir owners to maximise the social welfare?Assume you like to drive but dislike pollution (who says economists lackunderstanding of reality!).(a) On a graph with pollution on the vertical axis, draw your indifferencecurves between driving (in miles) and pollution (in globs of pollution).Be sure to indicate the direction of increasing utility.(b) Suppose that for every 10 miles you drive, you always must breathin exactly 1 unit of pollution. Draw this as a “budget constraint".(Hint: here are some points on the constraint: (0,0), (10,1), etc...)(c) Illustrate graphically where the optimal consumption bundle will liewith an appropriately drawn indifference curve.(d) Under what circumstances would the optimal bundle contain zeropollution. Again, draw this possibility on a graph. Answer all fourperson 1 can allocate her 8 hour day between the production of two goods: A and B. Each hour devoted to good B yeilds 2units . whereas each hour devoted to good A produces 4 units. state whether 9 units of good B and 12 units of good A are unattainable, efficient, or inefficient.(state all that applies) select one or more attainable inefficient efficient unattainable
- In some countries (eg., Denmark and the Netherlands) people often commute by bicycle instead of cars, and some argue that we ought to promote such behavior in the United States. These proponents argue that there are private as well as social benefits from biking, including improved health, reduced traffic congestion, and reduced pollution. People differ in their willingness to bike instead of drive. Suppose that the demand curve for biking commute trips in Hawal is portrayed in the demand curve in the attached graph (MWTP per trip =- 25 - Q/10, where Q is thousands of trips per day in the State). This private marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) embodies the enjoyment people get from riding to work relative to driving, perceived private health benefits, as well as fuel and other automobile-related expenses. Suppose the private cost per bike trip is $2.50, which includes the amortized cost of the bike plus maintenance and extra time costs. In addition, suppose that there are $5.00 per…Assume the Senator asks you of the optimal policy to combat CO2 emissions (carbon emissions). The senator is interested in implementing a policy that will reduce emissions from the power sector. The demand for electricity is P = 20 - 2 x Q where Q is amount of electricity demanded, and P is the price of electricity in MWh. The marginal cost of producing electricity is MC = 2 x Q And the damage caused by pollution is MEC = QWhat is the equilibrium price to consumers under competitionThis question asks you to find the socially optimal outcome. Suppose a social planner takes the demand function and cost functions as given, and can choose (i) the market price, (ii) the number of firms, and (iii) the quantity produced by each firm [the planner is free to choose any quantity, even if the firms would lose money]. The social planner’sgoal is to maximize the sum of consumer surplus and firms’ profits. To do this, the planner will take into account the two economic principles of efficiency, (i) Allocative efficiency which implies price=mc. (2) Efficiency in production, which means that the cost of production of the total market quantity should be minimized. Suppose the demand function is Q(p) = 40 – 5p. For each of the following cost functions, what market price, number of firms and quantity for each firm will the social planner choose?a) C(q) = 20 + 4qb) C(q) = 3 + q^2/3 + 3q.
- Chicken production generally results in terrible odours that are carried by the wind to rural communities. This is an example of a ______________, with a result of ____________ of resources in chicken production.a. Negative externality, under-allocationb. Positive externality, over-allocationc. Positive externality, over-allocationd. Negative externality, , over-allocationFor each of the alternatives, explain which one is correct and also explain which ones are false or uncertain.Suppose that you run a tutoring service for economics students. The table below reports the demand for your services by 8 students per week. In the table are reported each student’s reservation price of a tutoring session per week. Note that each student demands at most one tutorial session per week. In addition, the opportunity cost of your time is $24 per session. There are no competitors for your service. A)How many tutor session is socially optimal? Explain. B)Assume that you can only charge a single price for your services. What price are you going to charge the students to maximize your profit? How many sessions will you sell? C)Now, suppose that you are able to practice perfect price discrimination. How many sessions will you sell to maximise profits? Compute consumer surplus and the Deadweight loss.Externalities are a form of market failure. Identify two externalities related to Covid-19, one positive and one negative. Graph and explain how each externality affects the optimal amount of the good that is generating the externality.