Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
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Answer Q 107, & 108
![105. Line AC
1. Rate = KLA for a single reactant.
Rate = K[AJ[B] for two reactants
111. Concentrated sulphuric acid catalysis an
esterification reaction while platinium
speeds up the reaction between hydrogen
gas and oxygen gas. Which of the following
statement(s) are INCORRECT?
1. Platinium acts as a homogeneous
catalyst, while sulphuric acid acts as a
heterogeneous catalyst
2.
2.
3. Rate = KLA] for a single reactant.
106. Line ED
1. Rate = K[B] for a single reactant.
Rate = K[B] for a single reactants
2.
3. Rate = K[B]° for a single reactant.
The graph below represents the energy profile
against reaction path for the reaction
A +B C + D
Platinium and sulphuric acid are both
heterogeneous catalyst.
3. Platinium and sulphuric acid are both
homogeneous catalyst.
112. The order of a chemical reaction is usually
obtained
1. experimentally
2. arithmetically from rate date.
3. by observing the reaction.
Energy
A+ B
113. In the collision theory of reaction rates
reacting substances must collide.
2. reacting substances must have enough
C+D
1.
energy.
3. the orientation of the molecules is not
necessary.
Resction paih
107. What does M represent?
1. transition state
2. intermediate complex.
activated complex.
114. Reaction rate
1. increases with temperature increase.
dependence on temperature does not
fit the Arrherius equation.
is halved when the concentration is
halved.
3.
108. Which of the following technique(s) listed
below could be used to monitor the rate of
the reaction between oxalate ions and
manganate(VII) ions?
1. Collecting gas evolved.
2. Colorimetry.
3.
3.
115. The introduction of a catalyst in a chemical
reaction
1. affects the enthalpy of the reaction.
2.
Conductimetry.
Questions 109 - 116
Select or
does not afect the activation energy of
the reaction.
3. provides a surface for reactants to
adhere.
choose
the
INCORRECT
STATEMENT(S) from the proposed answers to
the questions.
116. The activated complex
1.
109. Which of these will NOT increase the rate
of a chemical reaction?
is the molecule with the less energy
2. will form the products if its energy E <
Ea.
1. İncreasing the surface area of catalyst.
2. Decreasing the temperature.
3. Decreasing the concentration.
3.
is the most stable molecule since its
energy E = Ea.
110. Which of the following experimental
techniques may NOT be conveniently used
to monitor the rate of the reaction
H,(g) + 1,(g) -2HI(g)
1. Collecting gas volume evolved.
2. Dilatometry.
3.
Titration.
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