Let Gbe a simple planar graph containing no triangles. (i) Using Euler's formula, show that G contains a vertex of degree at most 3. (ii) Use induction to deduce that Gis 4-colourable. (In fact, it can be proved that G is 3-colourable.)

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.