• List 4 sources of genetic variation and explain how each source contributes to genetic variation • Given the genotypes in a population, calculate the frequency of each allele for a single locus with only 2 alleles • Explain why the number of alleles per gene in an individual can be different from the number of alleles per gene in a population
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- ACTIVITY 9.2: Essay. Directions: Read the situation and identify the points of Darwin’s natural selection. There are 2 types of worms: worms that eat at night (nocturnal) and worms that eat during the day (diurnal). The birds eat during the day and seem to be eating ONLY the diurnal worms. The nocturnal worms are in their burrows during this time. Each spring when the worms reproduce, they have about 500 babies but only 100 of tthese 500 ever become old enough to reproduce.A. Describe variations in populations. ____________________________________________B. Describe how offspring inherit surviving parent’s traits. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________C. Describe how more offspring are produced than survive. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________D. Describe how some variations are favorable. ___________________________________E. How will this population…VISUAL SKILLS Consider a population in which heterozygotes at a certain locus have an extreme phenotype(such as being larger than homozygotes) that confersa selective advantage. Compare this description to themodels of selection modes shown in Figure 23.13. Doesthis situation represent directional, disruptive, or stabilizing selection? Explain your answer.Try to outline a scenario explaining the evolution of the three species shown in panel g. Use migration, mutation, genetic drift, selection, reproductive isolation, gene flow, extinction, and many generations in your scenario. Based on your scenario, what are the components that are necessary in a population in order for it to split or diverge into two new daughter species from a single ancestor (the parent species)?
- When discussing natural selection and behaviour, we often say that members of a species have certain behavioural traits because those traits are adaptive, in the sense that they increase inclusive fitness relative to alternative forms of those traits that have existed in the past. Instead of emphasizing the adaptiveness of behavioural traits, some biologists describe natural selection as a process that operates on nervous system traits, increasing the prevalence within a population of particular patterns of neural circuitry and neurobiological mechanisms. As an alternative to emphasizing either the behaviour or the nervous system, some biologists describe natural selection as a process that operates on genes; according to this perspective, certain forms of certain genes (ie., particular alleles) increase in prevalence within a population relative to alternative forms of those genes. Which, if any, of these three perspectives on natural selection and behaviour do you think is the most…According to the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, within 5% variation of 1) which of the genes in the following three populations is actively undergoing evolution? population 1: AA = 80%; Aa = 10%; aa = 10% population 2: AA = 55%; Aa = 35%; aa = 10% population 3: AA = 25%; Aa = 50%; aa = 25% the gene in populations 1 and 3 are undergoing evolution the gene in populations 1, 2, and 3 are undergoing evolution the gene only in population 1 is undergoing evolution the gene in none of the populations are undergoing evolutionRegardless of the rate of evolutionary change, the product of genetic alterations is ultimately tested by Natural Selection. Gradualism accounts for the constant yet slow linear modification of a population while punctuated equilibrium accounts for long periods of stasis followed by rapid divergence (multiple forms emerging). -First, in no more than two sentences, explain Natural Selection (use your own words).-Second, explain the dynamics of selection. If natural selection acts on individuals, how might itshift allele frequencies in a population?-Third, explain gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in terms of selection. When discussingpunctuated equilibrium, remember that selection is still active in times of stasis
- A. Use the genotype frequencies, relative fitness, and the mean relative fitness to calculate the genotype frequencies expected to be found in the next generation Show your work, include 3 decimals. p2’ = 2pq’ = q2’ = B. Is natural selection acting in this population in this new environment?In developing his scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin considered four main observations: heritable variation among individuals in a population, overproduction of offspring, limits on populationgrowth, and differential reproductive success. Compare how these observations may apply to populations that tend to fit the concepts of r selection and K selectionNatural selection acts upon ____________________________, evolution upon _______________________________. What is the gene pool and how does natural selection act upon it? If a version of a gene confers an advantage to survival and reproduction, that version of the gene will be favored by natural selection and we can expect the frequency of that gene to ______________________ within the population over time. Versions of the gene that do not confer an advantage (or confer a disadvantage) should become _______________ prevalent . This generation to generation change in the gene pool is called ________________________. Changes to the genetic makeup of a population and the individuals within it can arise via two mechanisms. List and describe both. Both of these processes are ________________________________. Once created, new combinations of genes will be acted upon by _________new alleles_______________________. How is Darwinian “fitness” different than the typical definition used in…
- Population and Quantitative Genetics. Assume the mean value for Trait A in Generation 0 is 0.5. Mean value for those individuals that reproduce in Generation 0 is 0.75. Selection differential, S is 0.25. Predicted response to selection, R is 0.143. What is the predicted mean trait value in Generation 1?Kingma et al. (2011) found that in the purple-crowned fairy-wren, most subordinate helpers at the nest feed full siblings or half siblings, but some helpers are unrelated to the nestlings they assist. What Darwinian puzzle is created by these findings, and how might you solve the puzzle by using inclusive fitness theory? What predictions follow from the explanation(s) that you propose?Definitions of phenotype, genotype, allele, gene, microevolution, macroevolution - Know that in humans, most of the genetic variation is observed within populations, and know why that is. - Know the 4 processes of evolution (3 neutral + natural selection) - Know that evolution isn’t progressive and doesn’t necessarily lead to more complexity - Know that evolution can lead to traits that decrease survival (ex: sexual selection) - Know that quantitative traits are generally influenced by (i) many genes, each having a small effect on the trait value; and (ii) the environment - What is F1 like when you cross 2 homozygotic lines of peas of different colors? - What is F2 like when you cross F1 individuals (remember what 9:3:3:1 is about) - Know what genetic dominance is about - Definitions of chromosome, nucleus, mitosis, meiosis, crossing over - How many chromosomes in humans? How many pairs of chromosomes? - Know and apply Hardy-Weinberg’s equation - Why do quantitative…