List and describe the four methods by which infection can be transferred from the source to the host

Q: Name the metabolic end products that can facilitate the spread ofstreptococci and initiate secondary…

A: Streptococci is a gram positive bacteria belongs from Streptococcaceae family which causes various…

Q: Recall the etiologic agent of plague, and create a simple diagramof the infection cycle.

A: The plague was a well-feared disease in the past, causing pandemics that killed millions of people.…

Q: How long does it take for SSPE to appear after the initial infection

A: SSPE/ Dawson's disease: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a chronic progressive neurological…

Q: Describe three different ways in which exotoxins can be transported from a human pathogenic…

A: The release of toxins into the surrounding environment, regardless of when released, outcomes in the…

Q: Describe major ways that microorganisms damage their host.

A: A microorganism or microbe is defined as a living thing that is too small and tiny to be visualized…

Q: Distinguish between food infection and foodpoisoning and give two examples of each.

A: The food poisoning and food born infection are diseases that arise from food. These diseases cause…

Q: Compare direct, indirect, sandwich, and combination EIAs withrespect to their ability to identify…

A: Immunological techniques are employed to detect the possible antigen-antibody interactions between…

Q: Mention and explain two virulence factors of bacterial pathogens

A: Virulence factors are the molecules produced by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa which…

Q: Describe how mumps is acquired, spread within a host, symptoms, and method of control.

A: mumps is a highly contageous disease . it is caused by a virus .

Q: Name a molecular diagnostic techniqiue to detect the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of…

A: Infection is a condition when a microorganism enters the body and causes harm. Actually, the…

Q: Differentiate between a definitive host and an intermediate host.

A: Characteristics of Protozoa are similar as animals. These protists are portable hunters or parasites…

Q: Describe the route of infection and the virus’s pathologic effects.

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Q: Explain the concept of portal of entry, and list the major portals ofentry with examples of…

A: Infection is defined as the condition when some disease causing agent enters the body of an…

Q: describe the external barriers to infection, including how they function and why they are…

A: Innate immune system responds to the infection by activating the first line of defense that includes…

Q: Provide examples of persistent and transforming infections, describing their effects on the host

A: Introduction: Persistent infection refers to the infection affecting the host and lasting from few…

Q: Name and describe two substances in wounds to which pathogens attach.

A: When a pathogen invades the body lymphocytes are capable of producing antibodies. These antibodies…

Q: Identify the vector and reservoir for West Nile virus.

A: A vector is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living…

Q: Describe the  origins and effects of circulating exotoxins and endotoxin.

A: Introduction  Microbes can inhabit wide range of habitat. They can be found in extreme conditions…

Q: Explain what is happening during each stage of infection. Compare and contrast: systemic, local, and…

A: The progression of an infection or disease occurs in four stages and there are several patterns in…

Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: explain how Astrovirus shows a higher level of persistence as compared to poliovirus or adenovirus…

A: The Astrovirus is a type or RNA genome virus that is responsible for causing diarrhea in infants and…

Q: Distinguish between direct and indirect transmission of disease.Cite at least one example of each

A: Transmission Transmission is defined as the process through which disease-causing agents are…

Q: Describe why Ebola virus infection is so easily spread and often fatal.

A: Viruses are the creatures that are dormant without the host but can only survive if they find the…

Q: How can the outcome of an SV40 viral infection differ inpermissive versus nonpermissive hosts?

A: Virus is a microorganism that is smaller when compared to a bacterium. They lack the ability to…

Q: List two to three qualities of the norovirus that make it so infectious.

A: The Norovirus comes under the Calciviridae classification of viruses. It is a highly contagious…

Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.

A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…

Q: Describe the kinds of infections for which E. coli is primarilyresponsible.

A: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the gram-negative and coliform bacteria.

Q: Explain the role of ' resident flora' in preventing infection and as source of infection

A: Resident flora are permanent residents of body sites especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and…

Q: Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?

A: Infection It is the process of interaction that occurs between pathogens and susceptible host. There…

Q: Explain who the bacterial  virulence factors contributes in the initiation  of infections

A: Virulence is defined as the ability of bacteria to infect the host and cause disease. Virulence…

Q: Reveal the weakest link in the chain of infection

A: BASIC INFORMATION  INFECTIOUS AGENTS  It is pathogens or the microorganisms which are responsible…

Q: Detail the key differences between lytic and nonlytic viral infection and provide an example of…

A: Phages are viruses that infect bacterial cells.

Q: escribe three (3) methods by which pathogens are transmitted and give an example of each..

A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. Microbes are found in abundance in your body. These…

Q: Trace the HBV multiplication cycle, paying particular attention to localization within the host cell…

A: HBV is a hepatitis B virus.

Q: identify the components of the chain of infection and give examples of each, describe infection…

A: Components of chain of infection: Infectious agent ~ pathogen [ex: virus] Reservoir ~ The normal…

Q: Explain the process of Quorum Sensing in coordinating the production of virulence factors in a host.

A: Quorum Sensing is a process of communication between two cells through which bacteria are able to…

Q: Discuss both persistent and transforming infections.

A: Infection is a transmissible disease that works on the invasion and replication of various…

Q: The difference between direct and indirect contact infection? Example

A: Infection is defined as the process of causing harm or disease within the body by the  invasion of…

Q: Discuss and explain the life cycle of the pathogen of the causative agent of black Sigatoka. Use a…

A: black sigatoka is a leaf spot disease that primarily affects the plants of the genus Musa: banana…

Q: Describe the four main types of infectious disease transmission methods and give examples of each.

A: Microorganisms are relatively tiny organisms that are mostly structured as single-cell microbes,…

Q: Discuss with examples why some pathogens that typically infect one system (such as the respiratory…

A: Pathogen is defined as the group of animals that cause disease in the body. pathogen cause disease…

Q: Match the cells structure or chemicals with their role in the infection process

A: Above questions are all about immune system of body. A small description is given bellow to better…

Q: What or where is / are  the Preferred site(s) of infection for the Norovirus, and what is the…

A: Noroviruses are thought to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis like diarrhea and…

Q: Differentiate among lytic infection, latent infection, chronic infection,and transformation.

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: Explain the four steps in a lytic phage infection.

A: Bacteriophage is a bacteria-eating virus. A bacteriophage's structure is similar to that of a…

Tissue renewal

In multicellular organisms, tissue is a level of structure that consists of a group of physically and functionally identical cells and their intercellular substances. Unicellular organisms do not have tissues. Tissues are absent or poorly differentiated even in the simplest multicellular animals, such as sponges. However, more evolved multicellular animals and plants have specialized tissues that may organize and govern an organism's reaction to its surroundings. The word tissue is derived from the Latin word 'weave.' Plants and animals have various kinds of tissue systems that differ in their work and composition according to the different requirements.