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- Describe the appearance of a Drosophila embryo, in which the knirps gene protein-coding sequence has been replaced by lacZ, following incubation in a solution of X-gal.What is the difference between a maternal-effect gene and a zygotic gene? Of the following genes that play a role in Drosophila development, which are maternal-effect genes and which are zygotic? Explain your answer. A. nanos B. Antp C. bicoid D. labGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion What characteristics of the DSX protein enable the female- and male-specific isoforms of DSX to regulate the same genes but with different outcomes in female and male development? [multiple answers possible] A.The two isoforms are different alleles of the same gene B.The two isoforms have different DNA-binding domains C.The two isoforms are lncRNAs involved in dosage compensation D.The two isoforms differ in their activation domain E.The two isoforms share the same activation domain F. The two isoforms share the same DNA-binding domain
- a. The eyeless gene is required for eye formation in Drosophila. It encodes a homeodomain. What would you predict about the biochemical function of the Eyeless protein?b. Where would you predict that the eyeless gene is expressed in development? How would you test your prediction? c. The Small eye and Aniridia genes of mice and humans, respectively, encode proteins with very strong sequence similarity to the fly Eyeless protein, and they are named for their effects on eye development. Devise one test to examine whether the mouse and human genes are functionally equivalent to the fly eyeless gene.In flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos−mother, development of the abdomen is inhibited.Flies developing from eggs that have no maternallysupplied hunchback mRNA are normal. Flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos− mother that alsohave no maternally supplied hunchback mRNA arenormal. If too much Hunchback protein accumulatesin the posterior of the egg, abdominal developmentis prevented.a. What do these findings say about the function ofthe Nanos protein and of the hunchback maternallysupplied mRNA?b. What do these findings say about the efficiency ofbiological processes that are subject to evolution?Define the term maternal effect genes, and explain why the protein products of some of these genes are called morphogens.
- he Drosophila oocyte/embryos A-F show the expression patterns of various mRNAs. Which is the distribution of the hairy mRNA? A B C D E FWhat would be the most likely effect of inhibiting the translation of hunchback mRNA throughout a Drosophila embryo?A key event that initially determines female or male development in Drosophila is the a. transcription of the Sxl gene. b. alternative splicing of the Sxl pre-mRNA. c. expression of the ix gene. d. expression of the her gene.
- Most organisms display a circadian rhythm, a cycling of biological processes that is roughly synchronized with day length. In Drosophila, pupae eclose (emerge as adults after metamorphosis) at dawn. a)Using this knowledge how would screen for Drosophila mutants that have an impaired circadian rhythm? b)In each case, how would you clone the genes you identified by mutation?In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.Describe the inheritance pattern of maternal effect genes. Explainhow the maternal effect occurs at the cellular level. What are theexpected functional roles of the proteins that are encoded bymaternal effect genes?