Message digests are reasonably fast, but here's a much faster function to compute. Take your message, divide it into 128-bit chunks, and XOR all the chunks together to get a 128-bit result. Finally, do the standard message digest on the result (which is only 128 bits). Is this a good message digest function? Why or why not? You must clearly state your reason, simply giving a yes or no will not earn any credit.
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Message digests are reasonably fast, but here's a much faster function to compute. Take your message, divide it into 128-bit chunks, and XOR all the chunks together to get a 128-bit result. Finally, do the standard message digest on the result (which is only 128 bits). Is this a good message digest function? Why or why not? You must clearly state your reason, simply giving a yes or no will not earn any credit.
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- Suppose the DES Mangler function mapped every 32-bit value to zero, regardless of the value of its input, what function would DES compute? Solve this question by answering the following 3 sub-questions. What is the result of each round? What is the result after the 16 rounds? Remind DES = Initial permutation + 16 rounds + swap halves + final permutation? Assume the original message is a 64-bit message, i.e., 1 2 3 4 … 64. Specify the bit positions by then end of these 4 operation. Must provide detailed explanation of the calculation steps.Suppose the DES Mangler function mapped every 32-bit value to zero, regardless of the value of its input, what function would DES compute? Solve this question by answering the following 3 sub-questions. What is the result of each round? What is the result after the 16 rounds? Remind DES = Initial permutation + 16 rounds + swap halves + final permutation? Assume the original message is a 64-bit message, i.e., 1 2 3 4 … 64. Specify the bit positions by then end of these 4 operation. Use 8x8 matrix for this. Must provide detailed explanation of the calculation steps.Assume you are using any correct plaintext padding method, such as those described in lecture, with a 128-bit (16-byte) block cipher. If you are sending a message that is 184 bytes long, how many padding bytes would you need to add? Justify your answer. For the remaining questions, consider a 4-bit block cipher, described in hexadecimal by the following table: Plaintext Ciphertext Plaintext Ciphertext 0 a 8 e 1 c 9 d 2 f a 0 3 6 b 7 4 3 c 5 5 8 d b 6 4 e 9 7 2 f 1 You can think of this as a simple substitution cipher for hexadecimal digits. There is no “key” other than the table itself.
- Discuss the function below line by line, and also discuss the goal of this function. (Letter A ascii is number 65) MyFunc: MOV r2, #0 findEnd: LDRB r0, [r1], #1 CMP r0, #67 BGT skipped ADD r2, r2, #1 skipped: CMP r0, #0 BNE findEnd SUB r2, r2, #1 BX lrIf the sequence number space is k bits in length, you should think about implementing the Go-Back-N and selective-repeat procedures. What is the largest size of the sender window that may be utilised for transmitting data, and what is the minimum size?Implement the Hamming Code error detection and correction algorithm for a group message to be transmitted over a network. Hamming code algorithm allows the receiver to detect errors that may have been introduced due to many factors such as noise, interference, and many others. -> Assume the following: 1. The sender message length is 2 bytes. The data transmitted to the user is the 2-byte data in addition to the parity bits. 2. The receiver must be able to detect and correct 1-bit error. Report :In the report you must include an overview of the Hamming code algorithm and you need to show: 1. The detailed calculation of the minimum number of parity bits needed for a message of 2-byte length. 2. Details on how sender generates the parity bits. 3. Details on how thew receiver detects and corrects a 1-bit error. THANKS., PLEASE GIVE DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
- In this problem, we will get practice with computing the one’s complement of the one’s complement sum over a sequence of data values. We will use the exact same algorithm used to compute TCP/UDP checksum, but over a sequence of 4-bit chunks rather than 16-bit chunks. (a) Consider the following data bits. What is the (4-bit) checksum of this (8-bit) data? 0101 1100 (b) Consider the following data bits. What is the 4-bit checksum of this (12-bit) data? (Note: you may be able to reuse calculations from part (a).) 0101 1100 1001Question ACTIVITY : CODING Suppose the following messages are source encoded given by the table. Message Encoded Bits UP 00 DOWN 01 LEFT 10 RIGHT 11 I. Complete the given table by writing the source encoded message of the following set of directions. Set of Directions Source Encoding LEFT - UP - RIGHT - DOWN 1.) UP - DOWN - UP - RIGHT 2.) DOWN - DOWN - RIGHT - LEFT 3.) UP - DOWN - LEFT - RIGHT 4.) RIGHT - LEFT - RIGHT - UP 5.) II. Decode the set of directions given by the message received. Message Received Decoded Message 10010011 1.) 01010010 2.) 11000110 3.) 01100111 4.) 00101111 5.) III. Complete the given table by writing the channel encoded message by using parity check of adding 1 bit in the message. Message Source Encoding Channel Encoding ALLY 000 1.) ENEMY 011 2.) ATTACK 100 3.) RETREAT 111 4.) SURRENDER 101 5.) IV. Encode the following messages using the given message and the value of r. Source Encoding r Channel…The key to cracking a substitution cipher was first discovered by Arab scholars in the ninth century, but it was not widely known in the West until the fifteenth century. Once frequency analysis of ciphers became widespread, the plain substitution cipher became useless. To fix the problems in the substitution cipher, Blaise de Vigenère invented the strategy of using multiple letter mappings. Rather than using one key for the whole message, Vigenère’s idea was to use a different key for each letter of the message. Using a different key for each letter makes the frequency analysis much more difficult. The key to the Vigenère cipher is the Vigenère square. The rows shown here are simple rotations of the alphabet. Each row in the table shifts the letters of the alphabet one place to the left. When a letter shifts out of the first . The idea is to have the message we want to encode: secretmessage Alongside a word we will use to encrypt: encryptencrypt Plaint text s e c r…
- **Please do A or C** a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the…a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the Secret prefix MAC…Write a C program to apply simple FEC on a given number of data chunks. The transmitter program must accept the data chunks from the user and add the redundant chunk. The original and redundant chunks must be displayed. The receiver program must receive the data chunks with/without error, apply error correction if required and display the. original data chunks.