Newton's Law of Cooling as a Differential Equation dT 4 = k(M – T) dt !! where T'is the temperature of the object at a given time t, M is the temperature of the surrounding medium, and k is a positive constant. From this we note that if M>T, we have heating, since M – T > 0 thus dT/dt > 0, which means an increasing T, heating up! If M
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- 1.77 Explain each in your own words. (a) What is the mode of heat transfer through a large steel plate that has its surfaces at specified temperatures? (b) What are the modes when the temperature on one surface of the steel plate is not specified, but the surface is exposed to a fluid at a specified temperature?Newtons laws of cooling proposes that the rate of change of temperature is proportional to the temperature difference to the ambient (room) temperature. And can be modelled using the equation: dT/dt = -k (T-Ta)It can also be written as dT/T-Ta = -k dtWhere:T = Temperature of materialTa = Ambient (room) temperaturek = A cooling constanta) integrate both sides of the equation and show that the temperature difference is given by:(T-Ta) = CoE^-kt(Co is a constant for this problem)B) calculate Co if the initial temperature is 70 degrees C and Ta = 20 degrees C?A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relationt = a ln p + bwhere a and b are constants and p is the thermometric property of the fluid in the thermometer. If at the ice point and steam point the thermometricproperties are found to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively what will be the temperature corresponding to the thermometric property of 3.5 on Celsius scale.
- Liquid biofuel (density= 789 kg/m3) is being pumped from a storage tank through a pipe with 1-inch innerdiameter (ID). The fuel is being pumped at a rate of 3.00 gallons per minute. In this process, what is thekinetic energy transport rate (Ėk) in units of horsepower (hp) and ft•lbf/sec.The same engineer decides to look into rates of cooling for liquids toexperiment with different cooling solutions for servers. She finds thatthe rate of cooling for one liquid can be modelled by the equation:y = 48 × 0.99t(0 ≤ t ≤ 80)where y is the temperature of the liquid in degrees Celsius and t is thetime in minutes.(i) State whether the type of reduction for this model is linear orexponential. Describe how reduction rate differs between linear andexponential functions. (ii) Calculate the temperature when t = 20. [3](iii) Write down the scale factor and use this to find the percentagedecrease in the temperature per minute. (iv) Use the method shown in Subsection 5.2 of Unit 13 to find the timeat which the temperature is 30◦(v) Determine the halving time of the temperature.The temperature of an experimental heated enclosure is being ramped up from 80 to 450°F at the rate of 19°F/min. A thermocouple, embedded in a Thermowell for protection, is being used to monitor the oven temperature. The thermocouple has a time constant of 84 s. At t = 10 min, what is the difference between the actual temperature and the temperature indicated by the thermocouple? Final answer in whole number. Please show your complete solution and write readable.
- A parachutist has a terminal velocity of -176 feet per second. That is, no matter how long a person falls, his or her speed will not exceed 176 feet per second, but it will get arbitrarily close to that value. The velocity in feet per second, v(t), after t seconds satisfies the differential equation v′(t) = 32 - k *v(t). What is the value of k?A cylindrical tank shown below has a radius ? and a circular orifice at the bottom of radius ?. At time ? = 0 the liquid level in the tank is ho. (a) Use the Bernoulli equation to determine the relations between the orifice velocity ?o and the free surface velocity ?s (assume the surface velocity is not zero). (b) Use conservation of mass to determine the orifice velocity in terms of the free surface velocity. (c) Use the results in (a) and (b) to derive a differential equation for h(?). Note that ?s = − dh/dt. d) Separate variables and solve the equation for h(?) with the initial condition h(0) = ho (e) Determine how long it will take to empty the tank.According to the U.S. Geological survey, the volume of water in oceans, seas, and bays is 1.41 ✕ 1018 m3. The average concentration of naturally occurring uranium in seawater is 3.15 ✕ 10−6 kg/m3. If 0.670% of naturally occurring uranium is the fissionable isotope U-235 and each fission reaction yields 200 MeV, estimate the amount of time the uranium in the seawater on the planet could meet the planet's energy needs at an average usage of 1.94 ✕ 1013 J/s.
- A thermometer having a time constant of 0.2 min is placed in a temperature bath, and after the thermometer comes to equilibrium with the bath, the temperature of the bath is increased linearly with time at a rate of l0 C/min. What is the difference between the indicated temperature and the bath temperature (a) 0.1 min, (b) 1.0 min after the change in temperature begins?We would like to develop an empirical correlation to determine the heat trans- fer coefficient, h, for turbulent flow in a circular conduit. Please use the order provided for the lists of physical variables and fundamental units in working this problem. The following physical variables are to be included: h, average fluid velocity v, density ρ, viscosity μ, thermal conductivity k, specific heat capacity c, diameter D, and length L. (a) Express each physical variable in terms of fundamental units mass (m), length (l), time (t), and temperature (θ).Unit weight of liquids Derive the formula used in determining the unit weight or density of a liquid using the displacement method. How is it different from the direct method? What are the practical applications of experiment?