Q: How would you differentiate the following structures when seen in an unstained smear: a.…
A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding phagocytosis is INCORRECT? - Many pathogens have…
A: Introduction :- Option A is correct Explanation Several bacteria escape phagocytosis by different…
Q: Which of the following statements regarding inflammation is CORRECT? - The increase in…
A: Inflammation induces the vasodilation response to increasing the blood flow to the tissue or areas…
Q: Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a…
A: Lymphoid Cells Lymphatic tissue is a connective tissue consisting of different types of lymphoid…
Q: B) Complement system activation and elimination of a bacterial pathogen "Map the activation of the…
A: The complement system is a part of the body's defence system that enhances the ability of antibodies…
Q: Which of the following statements is _false_ regarding phagocytosis? A. It can ingest large…
A: Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell attaches to the object it intends to ingest on the cell…
Q: Phagocytic cells gather in the lungs, particularly in the lungs of smokers. What is the connection?
A: Phagocytic cells are the cells that can engulf any subcellular and microscopic particles present in…
Q: During inflammation, this mechanism results in capillaries becoming more permeable enabling plasma…
A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: Clot and scab formation occur as part of this process: Group of answer choices cytolysis…
A: clots, which turn into scabs as they dry, are created by a type of blood cell called a platelet. The…
Q: Which of the following statements are TRUE about the process of inflammation? (Select all that…
A: Inflammation refers to the body's process of fighting against infections, injuries, and toxins, in…
Q: Mycobacterium tuberculosis recruits phagocytes to the site of infection. Based on this information,…
A: M. tuberculosis is a type of pathogenic bacteria that is responsible for causing the disease…
Q: Which cell regularly undergoes apoptosis following phagocytosis? A. neutrophil B. B lymphocyte C.…
A: Apoptosis is the process in which the cells die due to programmed cell death that occurs in…
Q: Macrophages develop from which type of blood cell?
A: Macrophages developed from the monocytes.
Q: Macrophages perform the fi nal job of removing tissue debris and other products of infection.…
A: Macrophages are the cleaner of the immune system and perform various immune related functions in the…
Q: For a vaccine to produce useful protection against an infection, which of the following must a…
A: The immune action in the human body is performed by the production of antibodies, the Y-shaped…
Q: Which of the following is INCORRECT about PMN cells? Select one: Multilobed nuclei Long lived…
A: Immunity system is a versatile defence system which protects the body from the infection causing…
Q: Which of the following steps are part of the processing of antigen by immune cells? Select all that…
A: Antigen processing It is also called the cytosolic pathway. It i.s an immunological process which…
Q: In certain bacterial illnesses, particularly lung infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a…
A: Introduction :- Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that is found commonly in the environment, like in…
Q: Many of the inflammatory mediators produced by tissue macrophages at sites of infection act on the…
A: Inflammation is a defensive mechanism used by the host against injuries and infections. The…
Q: n addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following…
A: NET:_ Neutrophil Extracellular Traps These are concerned with extracellular pathogen killing with…
Q: Imagine a person catches sars-coV-2 infection, which route of cell signaling will be activated to…
A: Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 was found in December 2019 in Wuhan going about as an unspecified…
Q: Why were Henrietta Lacks’ cells unique? What are some of the most important applications HeLa cells…
A: HeLa is an eternal cell line utilized in logical exploration. It is the most seasoned and most…
Q: Describe in detail each of the following proteins and their role in the cellular processes that they…
A: i. Ras Protein: Describe: Ras is a family of related proteins that are expressed in all animal cell…
Q: In some cases the phagocytosis failed. formulate 2 hypothesis to explain the origin of this failure
A: Hello. Since you have posted multiple questions and not specified which question needs to be solved,…
Q: During the inflammatory response, dilation of blood vessels is caused by nitric oxide. histamine.…
A: The inflammatory process or inflammation is an immune response that occurs as a result of tissue…
Q: When surface barriers protecting the body are breached, the second line of defense (of the innate…
A: Inflammation is a normal physiological response of the body to damage caused to tissue. Infection…
Q: Which of the following statements best explains why the immune system can continue to make…
A: Rituximab is a medication that will be mostly used for treating rheumatoid arthritis as well as…
Q: Describe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected…
A: Neutrophils are phagocytic cells of the immune system that destroy the invading pathogens. They…
Q: In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following…
A: Introduction NETs were first described as a type of innate pathogen defence system that may trap…
Q: Which compound is most likely responsible for initiating the inflammation response that results from…
A: An autoimmune disease's symptoms vary depending on whatever region of your body is afflicted. The…
Q: The classical sign calor, associated with inflammation, is the result of what physiological event…
A: Inflammation is basically the reaction of the immune system against any foreign antigens. The white…
Q: Name Steps in Phagocytosis Match the descriptions on the right to the appropriate image on the…
A: Phagocytosis is a process where the phagocytes can kill the pathogens by directly ingesting foreign…
Q: Each sentence below describes a step of inflammation. Indicate the order in which these steps occur…
A: Inflammation could be a defense mechanism utilized by your body's white blood cells and also the…
Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon
A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system. it…
Q: Formation of oxidizing agents (reactive oxygen species or ROS) such as superoxide anion, hydrogen…
A: Oxidizing agents are also called as oxidants or oxidizer, is a chemical substance capable of oxidize…
Q: phagocytic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns using their: Group of answer…
A: Pattern recognition receptors(PRR) These are class of transmembrane toll like receptors(TLRs) found…
Q: During the inflammatory response, histamine is released by damaged cells which attracts phagocytes…
A: Anergy is a term used in immunology to describe a lack of response by the body's defence mechanisms…
Q: Cytokines are released by phagocytes to initiate inflammation and ____________. attract more of…
A: When any thing is present on the surface of the cell and binds to it it results in engulfing it and…
Q: The genetic content of each somatic cell in an organism is the same, but not all genes are expressed…
A: Introduction :- Somatic cells are bodily cells that aren't sperm or egg cells (which are called germ…
Q: iswer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper: a. Describe when inflammation is good…
A: Inflammation is a process by which white blood cells protect our body tissues from the foreign…
Q: Although the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen,…
A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause harm…
Q: In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the bone marrow and destroy the environment…
A: Hematopoiesis is the process that produces all of the cellular blood components. Cancer cells can…
Q: The following are immunofluorescent images of actin filaments inside cells. If image C represents a…
A: Cell migration is an important process, both in unicellular organisms such as amoeba and in highly…
Q: What type of defense is occurring when mucin flows off the epithelium and carries pathogens with it?…
A: The immune system in our body is responsible for protecting us. The entire immune system is divided…
Q: Statement 1: Phagocytosis is one of the mechanisms performed by multicellular organisms as a defense…
A: Answer is A that both the statements are are true. In the blood, there are two types of blood…
Q: The fundamental reason for the four cardinal signs of inflammation is because of a high level of ___…
A: When your body is inflamed, substances from your white blood cells enter your bloodstream or tissues…
Q: b. Cell that coordinates the immune response of many kinds of cells c. Proteins that circulate in…
A: 1. Innate k I 2. Eosinophil f I 3. Antibody i I /A 4.Complement b I 5.…
Q: Which organelle do phagocytes use to digest engulfed particles? a. lysosome b. nucleus c.…
A: The process by which phagocytes, or living cells, eat or engulf other cells or particles is known as…
TH2 cells coordinate type 2 responses to expel intestinal helminths and repair tissue injury. The immune response to helminthic worm infections in the gastrointestinal tract requires specialized mechanisms due to the fact that helminths are too large to be ingested and destroyed by phagocytes. For example, cytokines made by TH2 cells elicit responses from multiple non-hematopoietic cell types that aid in
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens that have adapted to life inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. These intracellular bacteria are taken up by phagocytosis, similar to other pathogens, but the bacteria are not killed. One possible mechanism that could account for this immune evasion by mycobacteria is their ability to: Prevent induction of nitric oxide production in the phagosome Prevent the acidification of phagosomes Prevent the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the phagosome Prevent fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes Kill the macrophage before it kills themIn addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? Group of answer choices A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. C. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes. D. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes.In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes. C. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. D. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes.
- Opsonization of pathogens by both antibodies and complement proteins (C3b) leads to uptake and destruction of the pathogen by phagocytic cells that express both Fc receptors and complement receptors. Which of the following in the figure below is the most efficient form of dual opsonization of the pathogen by antibody and C3b to maximize phagocytosis?The entry of naive T cells from the blood into lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues occurs by a process that involves similar steps and similar adhesion molecules to the process by which leukocytes are recruited into sites of inflammation. Yet naive T cells do not enter tissues at sites of inflammation, but rather, home to lymphoid tissues. Which class of adhesion molecules direct the specific homing of naive T cells to lymphoid tissues?The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely virulent. Uponinfection, Y. pestis injects a set of effector proteins intomacrophages that suppresses their phagocytic behaviorand also interferes with their innate immune responses.One of the effector proteins, YopJ, acetylates serines andthreonines on various MAP kinases, including the MAPkinase kinase kinase TAK1, which controls a key signalingstep in the innate immune response pathway. To deter-mine how YopJ interferes with TAK1, you transfect humancells with active YopJ (YopJWT) or inactive YopJ (YopJCA)and with FLAG-tagged active TAK1 (TAK1WT) or inactiveTAK1 (TAK1K63W), and assay for total TAK1 and for phos-phorylated TAK1, using antibodies against the FLAG tag oragainst phosphorylated TAK1 (Figure Q23–1). How doesYopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway? How do you sup-pose the serine/threonine acetylase activity of YopJ mightinterfere with TAK1 activation?
- The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response. Recent studies using mouse models of pulmonary inflammation (a model for human asthma) have found that mice deficient in the C3a receptor have greatly reduced disease symptoms when challenged with inhaled preparations containing extracts of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Specifically, the C3a receptor-deficient mice showed reduced influx of granulocytes and lymphocytes into the lung and reduced fluid in the lung after challenge. What is the explanation for these findings?Some viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…Human immune system During the inflammatory response, histamine plays a key role in causing capillaries to become more permeable to phagocytic cells such as neutrophils. Antibodies directly kill bacterial cells by activating cell death programs that lead to apoptosis. Interferons are signaling molecules produced by bacteria that block (or interfere) with the ability of plasma cells to release antibodies.
- B cells express a complement receptor that binds to C3b cleavage products, such as iC3b and C3dg. When a B cell with an antigen receptor that specifically recognizes that pathogen also has its complement receptor stimulated because the pathogen is opsonized with these C3 fragments, B cell activation is greatly enhanced. Due to this mechanism, B cells can be activated by much lower concentrations of antigen (in this case, the pathogen) than if the antigen is devoid of complement components. This mechanism functions to: Ensure that pathogens are readily detected by the adaptive immune system before they replicate to high levels in the host Prevent B cells from being activated in response to antigens that are not pathogens Allow B cells to phagocytose the pathogen and help destroy it Induce increased rounds of B cell replication to make more pathogen-specific B cells Allow the B cell to block pathogen replication by interfering with multiple pathogen surface functionsAn adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by damaged parenchymal cells in the tissue, which attracts neutrophils, which secrete leukotrienes and prostaglandins to attract macrophages; a purulent exudate is formed.b. Band cells respond to hyperthermia by producing TNF-α and interleukins, which then cause a left shift that results in the accumulation of neutrophils within the tissue.c. Damaged parenchymal cells release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract macrophages, causing a left shift and the formation of a purulent exudate.d. Cytokines, such as TNF-α, are released by damaged parenchymal cells, while leukotrienes and prostaglandins produced by neutrophils cause smooth muscle constriction and the further accumulation of leukocytes.