NORACIC AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY Patient Information Series • 1905 ATS Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), can be a serious, but treatable, complication of being obese. What is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)? OHS is a breathing disorder in obese people that leads to low oxygen levels and too much carbon dioxide in your blood. Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels may develop because of a condition called hypoventilation during the day (daytime hypoventilation). Hypoventilation means you are not moving enough air in and out of your lungs very well. With OHS, you may also have difficulty sleeping because of obstructive sleep apnea (see ATS Patient Series to read more about Obstructive Sleep Apnea at http://patients. short periods of time. These may be concerning to your bed partner. Your bed partner may be the only one who sees or hears your nighttime symptoms. Why is it important to know if I have Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome? It is important to know if you have OHS because OHS can be treated. If left untreated, OHS is potentially life threatening. When treated, your breathlessness, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and depression may be reduced or relieved entirely. Treatment could improve your quality of life and decrease your chances of further health issues, including the need to be hospitalized from serious complications of having OHS. If left untreated, the lack of oxygen can put a strain on your heart (see ATS Patient Series on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Disease at http://patients.thoracic.org/ information-series/en/resources/osa.pdf). PHYSICIANS: CLIP AND COPY thoracic.org/information-series/index.php). The three main characteristics of OHS are: 1) obesity; 2) daytime hypoventilation (difficulty getting rid of carbon dioxide); and 3) sleep disordered breathing (such as obstructive sleep apnea). OHS is also referred to as Pickwickian syndrome because persons with OHS may have symptoms like those described by Charles Dickens in his essay, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. What are the symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome? The symptoms of OHS are usually caused by a lack of sleep and a lower than normal oxygen level in your blood. Symptoms can include daytime sleepiness, lack of energy, breathlessness (see ATS Patient Series on Breathlessness at http:// patients.thoracic.org/information-series/en/ resources/ATS_Patient_Ed_Breathlessness.pdf), headache and even depression. Do we know what causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome besides obesity? The cause (or causes) of OHS are not fully understood. OHS may be a combination of your brain's being unable to correctly manage your breathing, your excess fat producing hormones that cause you to breathe ineffectively and the extra weight placed on your chest that makes it much more difficult for you to breathe normally. Nighttime symptoms include: loud and frequent snoring during sleep and/or breathing pauses. Breathing pauses are when you stop breathing for How is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome diagnosed? Your health care provider diagnoses your OHS Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol. 189, P15-P16, 2014. ATS Patient Education Series © 2014 American Thoracic Society www.thoracic.org MERICAN IETYS AIS PAIIENT INFORMATION SERIES by taking a complete history of your symptoms, including your sleeping habits, evaluating your body mass index (BMI), measuring your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, possibly taking a chest X-ray and a sleep study. Your height and weight are used to calculate your BMI. A BMI of 30 or probably need positive-airway pressure (PAP) support described in the ATS Patient Series on Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults. The types of PAP support include Continuous PAP (CPAP) or Bi-level PAP (BPAP). Both are devices that deliver air to you through a mask that you wear anytime you are sleeping or napping. CPAP delivers air at a constant pressure both when you breathe in and when you breathe out. BPAP on the other over is considered obese. An online calculator for BMI is available at http://www.nhlbi.nih. gov/guidelines/obesity/BMI/bmicalc.htm. Your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are measured by hand delivers higher pressures when you are taking a blood sample from your artery, usually from an artery in your wrist. A pulse oximeter (a sensor lightly attached to the finger) can be used to get an estimate of the amount of oxygen (but not carbon dioxide) in the blood (see ATS Patient Series Pulse Oximetry at http://patients.thoracic. org/information-series/en/resources/ats-patient- ed-pulse-oximetry.pdf). Pulse oximetry however is not as accurate as a blood sample from your breathing in, than when you are breathing out. When OSA is severe, and not controlled with PAP, a tracheostomy (surgical hole in the neck) may be needed to ensure that your sleep apnea is adequately treated. Research is being done to find medications to treat OHS. So far, no medications are recommended for the treatment of OHS. Authors: Vidya Krishnan MD, MHS and Pedro Genta MD Reviewers: Suzanne Lareau RN, MS; Bonnie Fahy, RN, MN, CNS; Atul Malhotra MD artery. A chest x-ray may be taken to rule out any other causes of your breathing difficulty. You may be asked to have a sleep study called a polysomnography (see ATS Patient Series on Sleep Studies at http://patients.thoracic.org/information- series/en/resources/sleep-studies.pdf). The sleep study will determine if you have sleep apnea and what treatment may be needed. Although not necessary to diagnose OHS, a sleep study is usually ordered for patients with OHS to also find out how severe your sleep apnea may be. In addition, a sleep study is done (titration polysomnography) to guide treatment. R Action Steps v If you are obese and having symptoms of OHS, discuss this with your health care provider who may refer you to a Sleep Specialist. V Weight loss alone may help your OHS, but your breathing pattern while sleeping must also be controlled. v If your bed partner notices you have pauses in your breathing, contact your health care provider Doctor's Office Telephone: How is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome treated? Treatment for OHS will include weight loss and treating your breathing disorder. Sometimes, weight loss alone corrects many of the other problems such as obstructive sleep apnea. Therefore, the first approach to treating your OHS is weight loss. important to weight loss. Because OHS can cause serious health problems, sometimes surgery is needed (e.g. gastric bypass surgery) to help with your weight loss. Resources: National Institutes of Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/ PMH0001149/#adam_000085.disease.causes exercise, and good sleep are Patient.co.uk: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Pickwickian- Syndrome.htm To treat your breathing disorder, you will The ATS Patient Information Series is a public service of the American Thoracic Society and its journal, the AJRCCM. The information appearing in this series is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for the medical advice one one's personal health care provider. For further information about this series, contact J.Corn at jcorn@thoracic.org. www.thoracic.org

NORACIC AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY Patient Information Series • 1905 ATS Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), can be a serious, but treatable, complication of being obese. What is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)? OHS is a breathing disorder in obese people that leads to low oxygen levels and too much carbon dioxide in your blood. Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels may develop because of a condition called hypoventilation during the day (daytime hypoventilation). Hypoventilation means you are not moving enough air in and out of your lungs very well. With OHS, you may also have difficulty sleeping because of obstructive sleep apnea (see ATS Patient Series to read more about Obstructive Sleep Apnea at http://patients. short periods of time. These may be concerning to your bed partner. Your bed partner may be the only one who sees or hears your nighttime symptoms. Why is it important to know if I have Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome? It is important to know if you have OHS because OHS can be treated. If left untreated, OHS is potentially life threatening. When treated, your breathlessness, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, and depression may be reduced or relieved entirely. Treatment could improve your quality of life and decrease your chances of further health issues, including the need to be hospitalized from serious complications of having OHS. If left untreated, the lack of oxygen can put a strain on your heart (see ATS Patient Series on Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Heart Disease at http://patients.thoracic.org/ information-series/en/resources/osa.pdf). PHYSICIANS: CLIP AND COPY thoracic.org/information-series/index.php). The three main characteristics of OHS are: 1) obesity; 2) daytime hypoventilation (difficulty getting rid of carbon dioxide); and 3) sleep disordered breathing (such as obstructive sleep apnea). OHS is also referred to as Pickwickian syndrome because persons with OHS may have symptoms like those described by Charles Dickens in his essay, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. What are the symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome? The symptoms of OHS are usually caused by a lack of sleep and a lower than normal oxygen level in your blood. Symptoms can include daytime sleepiness, lack of energy, breathlessness (see ATS Patient Series on Breathlessness at http:// patients.thoracic.org/information-series/en/ resources/ATS_Patient_Ed_Breathlessness.pdf), headache and even depression. Do we know what causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome besides obesity? The cause (or causes) of OHS are not fully understood. OHS may be a combination of your brain's being unable to correctly manage your breathing, your excess fat producing hormones that cause you to breathe ineffectively and the extra weight placed on your chest that makes it much more difficult for you to breathe normally. Nighttime symptoms include: loud and frequent snoring during sleep and/or breathing pauses. Breathing pauses are when you stop breathing for How is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome diagnosed? Your health care provider diagnoses your OHS Am J Respir Crit Care Med, Vol. 189, P15-P16, 2014. ATS Patient Education Series © 2014 American Thoracic Society www.thoracic.org MERICAN IETYS AIS PAIIENT INFORMATION SERIES by taking a complete history of your symptoms, including your sleeping habits, evaluating your body mass index (BMI), measuring your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, possibly taking a chest X-ray and a sleep study. Your height and weight are used to calculate your BMI. A BMI of 30 or probably need positive-airway pressure (PAP) support described in the ATS Patient Series on Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults. The types of PAP support include Continuous PAP (CPAP) or Bi-level PAP (BPAP). Both are devices that deliver air to you through a mask that you wear anytime you are sleeping or napping. CPAP delivers air at a constant pressure both when you breathe in and when you breathe out. BPAP on the other over is considered obese. An online calculator for BMI is available at http://www.nhlbi.nih. gov/guidelines/obesity/BMI/bmicalc.htm. Your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are measured by hand delivers higher pressures when you are taking a blood sample from your artery, usually from an artery in your wrist. A pulse oximeter (a sensor lightly attached to the finger) can be used to get an estimate of the amount of oxygen (but not carbon dioxide) in the blood (see ATS Patient Series Pulse Oximetry at http://patients.thoracic. org/information-series/en/resources/ats-patient- ed-pulse-oximetry.pdf). Pulse oximetry however is not as accurate as a blood sample from your breathing in, than when you are breathing out. When OSA is severe, and not controlled with PAP, a tracheostomy (surgical hole in the neck) may be needed to ensure that your sleep apnea is adequately treated. Research is being done to find medications to treat OHS. So far, no medications are recommended for the treatment of OHS. Authors: Vidya Krishnan MD, MHS and Pedro Genta MD Reviewers: Suzanne Lareau RN, MS; Bonnie Fahy, RN, MN, CNS; Atul Malhotra MD artery. A chest x-ray may be taken to rule out any other causes of your breathing difficulty. You may be asked to have a sleep study called a polysomnography (see ATS Patient Series on Sleep Studies at http://patients.thoracic.org/information- series/en/resources/sleep-studies.pdf). The sleep study will determine if you have sleep apnea and what treatment may be needed. Although not necessary to diagnose OHS, a sleep study is usually ordered for patients with OHS to also find out how severe your sleep apnea may be. In addition, a sleep study is done (titration polysomnography) to guide treatment. R Action Steps v If you are obese and having symptoms of OHS, discuss this with your health care provider who may refer you to a Sleep Specialist. V Weight loss alone may help your OHS, but your breathing pattern while sleeping must also be controlled. v If your bed partner notices you have pauses in your breathing, contact your health care provider Doctor's Office Telephone: How is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome treated? Treatment for OHS will include weight loss and treating your breathing disorder. Sometimes, weight loss alone corrects many of the other problems such as obstructive sleep apnea. Therefore, the first approach to treating your OHS is weight loss. important to weight loss. Because OHS can cause serious health problems, sometimes surgery is needed (e.g. gastric bypass surgery) to help with your weight loss. Resources: National Institutes of Health: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/ PMH0001149/#adam_000085.disease.causes exercise, and good sleep are Patient.co.uk: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Pickwickian- Syndrome.htm To treat your breathing disorder, you will The ATS Patient Information Series is a public service of the American Thoracic Society and its journal, the AJRCCM. The information appearing in this series is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for the medical advice one one's personal health care provider. For further information about this series, contact J.Corn at jcorn@thoracic.org. www.thoracic.org

Ebk:Nutrition & Diet Therapy

10th Edition

ISBN:9780357391747

Author:DEBRUYNE

Publisher:DEBRUYNE

Chapter9: Water And The Minerals

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CA

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