Note: The notation from this problem is from Understanding Cryptography by Paar and Pelzi. Consider the LFSR represented by the polynomial x4 + x³ + x +1. What are the tap bits of the LFSR? Please enter your answer as unspaced binary digits (e.g. 010101 to represent p 0, P4 = 1, P30, P2 1, P₁ 0, Po= 1).
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- A shortcoming of using an elliptic curve E(Fp) for cryptography is the fact that it takes two coordinates to specify a point in E(Fp). However, as discussed briefly at the end of Sect. 6.4.2, the second coordinate actually conveys very little additional information.(b) Alice and Bob decide to use the prime p = 1123 and the elliptic curveE : Y2 = X3 + 54X + 87.Bob sends Alice the x-coordinate x = 278 and the bit β = 0. What point is Bob trying to convey to Alice? What about if instead Bob had sent β = 1?The notation from this problem is from Understanding Cryptography by Paar and Pelzl. We conduct a known-plaintext attack against an LFSR. Through trial and error we have determined that the number of states is m=4m=4.The plaintext given by 01001011=x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x701001011=x0x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 when encrypted by the LFSR produced the ciphertext 11010110=y0y1y2y3y3y5y6y711010110=y0y1y2y3y3y5y6y7. What are the tap bits of the LFSR? Please enter your answer as unspaced binary digits (e.g. 0101 to represent p3=0,p2=1,p1=0,p0=1p3=0,p2=1,p1=0,p0=1).How would you solve part a and b? This is an applied cryptography type question. a. Suppose ' = 2, so r can be from the set {0,1,2,3}. Assume you, the eavesdropper, gets the sequence: 145471,25245,14596,143468,153125 encrypted via the padded RSA scheme using (N,e) = (157439,5). Without decrypting, find the sequence of votes. b. Suppose now that ' = 100, so r can be from the set {0,1}100. What is the time complexity of your attack from part (a)? Is it feasible? If you were an employee, would you recommend this scheme to the CEO?
- Just comment in my code text and explaining each function or block of code that all i need help on In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is a very simple encryption technique in which each letter in the plain text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it to communicate with his generals. ROT-13 (“rotate by 13 places”) is a widely used example of a Caesar cipher where the shift is 13. In Python, the key for ROT-13 may be represented by means of the following dictionary: key = {‘a’:’n’, ‘b’:’o’, ‘c’:’p’, ‘d’:’q’, ‘e’:’r’, ‘f’:’s’, ‘g’:’t’, ‘h’:’u’, ‘i’:’v’, ‘j’:’w’, ‘k’:’x’, ‘l’:’y’, ‘m’:’z’, ‘n’:’a’, ‘o’:’b’, ‘p’:’c’, ‘q’:’d’, ‘r’:’e’, ‘s’:’f’, ‘t’:’g’, ‘u’:’h’, ‘v’:’i’, ‘w’:’j’, ‘x’:’k’, ‘y’:’l’, ‘z’:’m’, ‘A’:’N’, ‘B’:’O’, ‘C’:’P’, ‘D’:’Q’, ‘E’:’R’, ‘F’:’S’, ‘G’:’T’, ‘H’:’U’, ‘I’:’V’, ‘J’:’W’, ‘K’:’X’, ‘L’:’Y’,…Set up an RSA public-key cryptosystem using primes p = 91, q = 13 and a public exponent of 29 by finding the appropriate (positive) private exponent using the extended euclidean algorithm given the table below and identities: what is the value of q3, s3 and W ? ri = ri+1qi+1 + ri+2, si+2 = si − qi+1si+1 and ti+2 = ti − qi+1ti+1 si(a) +ti(b)=ri i ri qi si ti 0 a x 1 0 1 b 0 1 2 3 4Let Π = (Gen,Enc,Dec) be a private-key encryption scheme that has indistinguishable en- cryptions in the presence of an eavesdropper. Which of the following encryption schemes are also necessarily secure against an eavesdropper? If you think a scheme is secure, sketch a proof, if not, provide a counterexample. Here, for a bit string s, parity(s) is 1 if the number of 1’s in s is odd, and 0 otherwise. The || symbol stands for concatenation. So, for strings if x = 00 and y = 11, x||y = 0011. (a) Enc1k(m) = 0||Enck(m)(b) Enc2k(m) = Enck(m)||parity(m) (c) Enc3k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m)(d) Enc4k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m + 1). Here think of m as an integer. Please type answer note write by hend.
- Set up an RSA public-key cryptosystem using primes p = 71, q = 31 and a public exponent of 191 by finding the appropriate (positive) private exponent using the extended euclidean algorithm given the table below and identities: ri = ri+1qi+1 + ri+2, si+2 = si − qi+1si+1 and ti+2 = ti − qi+1ti+1 si(a) +ti(b)=ri i ri qi si ti 0 a x 1 0 1 b 0 1 2 3 4 What is the numerical value for n? 2201 What is the numerical value for a? 2100 What is the numerical value for b? 191 What is the numerical value for z? 191 What is the numerical value for q3, S3 and wSet up an RSA public-key cryptosystem using primes p = 91, q = 73 and a public exponent of 997 by finding the appropriate (positive) private exponent using the extended euclidean algorithm given the table below and identities: ri = ri+1qi+1 + ri+2, si+2 = si − qi+1si+1 and ti+2 = ti − qi+1ti+1 si(a) +ti(b)=ri i ri qi si ti 0 a x 1 0 1 b 0 1 2 3 4 What is the numerical value for n? 6643 What is the numerical value for a? 6480 What is the numerical value for b? 997 What is the numerical value for z? 997 What is the numerical value for q3? 7 What is the numerical value for s3? -2 What is the numerical value for w? 13 is my calculated value right for the one in bold?Based on symmetric cryptosystem Data Encryption Standard, if the key is “UNITED A” and the cipher text in the binary form is “0110001011001111001001111000111011000111111001001100000010010000” Find the plaintext. If someone knows the correct answer then only answer....otherwise I don't miss a chance from my quota....if anyone know the correct answer then give the answer otherwise please ignore..i want only plaintext of this cipher text in the binary form “0110001011001111001001111000111011000111111001001100000010010000". please dont try to give the definition.. please
- Let E'(T,X) be a tweakable block cipher that has already been keyed. Given plaintext P = P1 || P2 || ... || Pn (ie, P is an n-block plaintext). Ci = E'(i, Pi) for i=1..nsum = P1 xor P2 xor ... xor Pntag = E'(0,sum) For simplicity let's say that E'(T,X) = ROTL(X,T+1) (ie, X rotated left T+1 bits. If the block cipher block size is 8 bits and you are encrypting the two byte plaintext 67 89, what ciphertext and tag would be created? Fill in each box as a two-digit hex value. C1____? C2____? tag____?Suppose your RSA public key is PK: {n, e} = {13861, 37}. Your friend sends you a ciphertext C = 9908. But unfortunately you have forgotten your private key, now you have to crack it yourself.a) Write down a possible condition of factors p and q.p= q=b) What is your private key SK: {d}?d=c) What is the plaintext of your friend’s message?The plaintext M =d) Suppose the plaintext M is a 12-digit number consisting of a prefix “19” and 1234567890. What is the corresponding ciphertext? Since M is greater than n, you only need to encrypt four digits at a time. Ignore redundant zeros. e.g., 0001 = 1. The result should contain three integers.The ciphertext C0 =Problem #1Given below is a well-known cryptosystem called affine Caesar cipher, as well as someciphertext generated using the affine Caesar cipher.P = C = Z 26 = {0, 1, 2, ..., 25};K = {(a, b) Z26 Z26 | gcd(a, 26) = 1}y = E([a,b], x) = (ax + b) mod 26,x = D([a,b], y) = a-1 (y – b) mod 26,where x P, y C. Ciphertext sample:VPWOMFUWOFMYMHUNWBBWGCRVVPSFVPUTHUJWMCOMFUOVSVWOVWGSRSFSREOWOQMHKOBMHVPWOUFGHETVWMFOEOVUYVMMZCVGSFEMCCOUEMCHKFMQRUNIUMBRWFUSHSRIUZHSVMBWFNVPUOUGHUVKUEVMMVPUFEMCQWRRPSJUVHCREGHSGKUNVPUOEOVUY For this problem, please do the following:(a) provide an analysis detailing its strength/weakness;(b) attempt to uncover the plaintext associated with the ciphertext;(c) attempt to determine the secret key (a, b) used.