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- Why do low-income countries like Brazil, Egypt, or Vietnam have lower environmental standards than high-income countries like the Germany, Japan, or the United States?Consider two ways of protecting elephants from poachers in African countries. In one approach, the government sets up enormous national parks that have sufficient habitat for elephants to thrive and forbids all local people to enter the parks or to injure either the elephants or their habitat in any way. In a second approach, the government sets up national parks and designates 10 villages around the edges of the park as official tourist centers that become places where tourists can stay and bases for guided tours inside the national park. Consider the different incentives of local villagers-who often are very poor-in each of these plans. Which plan seems more likely to help the elephant population?Case: Despite 2015 Paris agreement, global carbon emissions increased 1.7 percent in 2017 and a further 2.7 percent in 2018; it has been estimated that the rate of increase in 2019 will be among the highest on record. The last four years have been the hottest on record, with 2019 on track to make it five. But analyses suggest that fast action now can reduce carbon emissions within 12 years and hold global increases below 2 degrees C and perhaps 1.5. Even though carbon emissions in The Gambia, Morocco and India are expected to rise, they’ll fall short of exceeding the 1.5-degree Celsius limit. But some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and United States, are not trying hard enough. a. Explain the inefficiency in this case! Use graphics b. Why can't this problem be solved through market mechanisms as in private goods? c. Give possible public (global) solutions and private (global) solutions to this and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Germany is trying to lower its CO2 emissions by phasing out coal-based electricity production through the forced closure of coal power plants. Why is this policy, even if it is successful in lowering Germany’s CO2 emissions, unlikely to result in lower emissions at the European scale?a) this policy does nothing to address the emissions from the transportation sector, which far outweigh those of coalb) CO2 produced in Germany stays in Germany, and thus has no bearing on the European scalec) Germany has already made substantial reductions to its CO2 output, so that it is a small player on the European scaled) Germany is a member of the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), which sets a binding cap on greenhouse gas emissionse) coal power production in Germany has become extremely efficient, so that its CO2 footprint is insubstantialWhat advantages and disadvantages do you see in using acap-and-trade system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?What pros and cons do you see in using carbon taxes toachieve this goal? What do you think of the idea of a revenueneutralcarbon tax? If you were a U.S. senator, what type ofpolicy would you support in order to address emissions in theUnited States, and why?The problems with e.g."Acid rain" created by emissions of sulfur dioxide has been onemajor problem in Sweden, not least because emissions have occurred in other countries (eg England and Denmark) andthen transported here. Now assume that if one tonne of sulfur is emitted in England, it results in one (1) gram of sulfur deposition in Sweden. The corresponding deposit of one tonne of sulfur emissions in Denmark is assumed to be 3 grams. Suppose further that The socio-economic damage of one gram of sulfur deposit can be estimated at SEK 0.10.The marginal cost of reduce sulfur emissions in England is estimated at Z SEK per tonne, and in Denmark the equivalent is estimatedcost to 2Z SEK per tonne. Z indicates here the emission reduction in tonnes (eg in Denmark it would cost SEK 4 toreduce emissions by two tonnes). In other words, Z = 0 corresponds to the emission level where there is no reductionemissions occur. a) Suppose now that the European Union decides that Denmark and England…
- Imagine a scenic canyon, visited by many local people as well as tourists from beyondthe local area. Consider a scenario in which a mining company has proposed to the localauthority that it be closed to the public and put into the production of coal. Thinking interms of economics as a way of adjudicating the relative value of one use of the canyon overthe other, what would you need to know in order to make a comparison or assessment?What kinds of quantitative data would inform your decision, and where might they comefrom? What kinds of things might you need to know that are hard to measure? Once youhave listed the kinds of information and data that might be available to inform this decision, do you think it would be sufficient to making this decision, why or why not?The following table describes the productionpossibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:Pairs of RedSocks per Workerper HourPairs of WhiteSocks per Workerper HourBoston 3 3Chicago 2 1a. Without trade, what is the price of white socks (interms of red socks) in Boston? What is the price inChicago?b. Which city has an absolute advantage in theproduction of each color sock? Which city has acomparative advantage in the production of eachcolor sock?c. If the cities trade with each other, which color sockwill each export?d. What is the range of prices at which mutuallybeneficial trade can occur?do only qu 2
- at is the intermdiate demond of the agricultural,manufacutring,and energy sectorSuppose the world price of clothing is $50 per unit. Domestic demand and domestic supply aredetermined by the following equations:Domestic Demand: p = 200 − 2qDomestic Supply: p = 20 + 3qwhere p and q represent price and quantity, respectively. Domestic government levies an ad valorem tariff rate of 100% 11. Under the 100% tariff protection, domestic economy’s national welfare is worth _____ or so.A) $1,250B) $2,850C) $3,025D) $4,73312. Under free trade, domestic economy’s national welfare is worth _________or so.A) $5,250B) $5,775C) $6,125D) $6,57513. Suppose that domestic economy moves from the initial free trade regime to the 100% tariffregime. Then the deadweight loss resulting from production inefficiency can be calculated at_________ or soA) $416.75B) $455.25C) $525.15D) none of the above(a) What is the “infant industry” argument? (b) What must be possible for firms in the infant industry to do for protection to result in a net increase in national welfare over time?