one reason active transport has a limited maximum transport rate at which it can progress is due to the fact that a. energy required is not available inside the cell b. carrier proteins are not on the surface of the cell membrane  c. ion channels are limited in size d. the number of carrier proteins is limited and therefore they can become saturated

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.