Column A Column B a. Trypanosoma brucei 1. undergoes latency b. Influenza 2. carries out recombination of eight RNA molecules of the genome viruses с. Тохорlasma | gondii 3. participates in genetic variation of capsular polysaccharides d. Herpesviruses 4. encloses itself in an impenetrable membrane-bounded vesicle 5. employs gene conversion e. Streptococcus pпeumoniae f. Mycobacterium 6. prevents fusion of phagosome with tuberculosis lysosome
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Match the pathogen in column A with its mode of evasion or subversion of the immune system.
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- Adapting to Host Defenses Surface proteins called HLAs allow white blood cells to detect HIV particles and fight an infection. In a recent study, scientists tested whether HIV is adapting to this host defense. They did so by looking at the frequency of a specific mutation (1135X) in HIV. This escape mutation helps the virus avoid detection by a version of the HLA protein (HLA-B51) that is common in some regions of the world, but not in others. FIGURE 20.19 shows the percentage of HIV-positive people who had HIV with the 1135X mutation. Data were collected at medical centers from several parts of the world. FIGURE 20.19 Regional variation in the frequency of the 1135X escape mutation among HIV-positive people. For each region, pink bars represent the percentage of people whose blood cells have HLA-B51. and thus cannot detect 1135X mutants. Blue bars represent the percentage of people with other versions of the HLA protein. These people have blood cells that can detect and fight HIV even if it has the 1135X mutation. 1. What percentage of people with H LA-B51 in Vancouver had HIV with the escape mutation for this protein?Decoding a DNA Message 1. CGA ACT AGA TAA CCC TTA TAG AAA TAT ACA CGC TTG TGA AAC ATA ATC CGG CTG CAA CGT TTA ACA CTC CTA ATT AGG ACA TAA CTC TTG ACA CTT ACT TAG AGA ACT CTC CGC TCA TAG GAG ATA ATT TAC TAA AGA TGA CGG TTT CTT TTG ACT CGA AGC ATT TAC CGC CCC TAG ATC 2. AAT CTC CGA GCT TTG TAG TTA CCC ATT TAG AGT ATC TAG TTG TGT CTC GCT CTC AGG TGC TAT TTG CCT ACTAntigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dra-matic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise fromrare events in which:(a) Two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the sametime(b) Two separate viruses undergo lysogenic conversion(c) Two viruses conjugate(d) Mutations accumulate(e) All of the above
- Please answer ASAP 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma 2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses. 3.It is speculated that coronaviruses appeared on Earth before cells. Considering tge genetic material of coroniviruses and cells justidy fully this answerIn a genetics lab, Kim and Maria infected a samplefrom an E. coli culture with a particular virulent bacteriophage. They noticed that most of the cells werelysed, but a few survived. The survival rate in theirsample was about 1 × 10−4. Kim was sure the bacteriophage induced the resistance in the cells, whileMaria thought that resistant mutants probably alreadyexisted in the sample of cells they used. Earlier, for adifferent experiment, they had spread a dilute suspension of E. coli onto solid medium in a large petri dish,and, after seeing that about 105colonies were growingup, they had replica-plated that plate onto three otherplates. Kim and Maria decide to use these plates totest their theories. They pipette a suspension of thebacteriophage onto each of the three replica plates.What should they see if Kim is right? What shouldthey see if Maria is right?Remdesivir is an antiviral drug that is currently being used to treat COVID-19. Which part ofthe SARS-CoV-2 life cycle is being inhibited by this drug?O SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cellO Exocytosis of mature virionsO Structural protein translation© Viral formation and assemblyO Genomic RNA replication and subgenomic transcription
- Explain why many countries worldwide ( including Philippines) is willing to spend money just to get enough supply of vaccine againts the virus causing Covid-19 for their people?An ade+ arg+ cys+ his+ leu+ pro+ bacterial strain is knownto be lysogenic for a newly discovered phage, but the siteof the prophage is not known. The bacterial map isleucysarghisadeproThe lysogenic strain is used as a source of the phage, andthe phages are added to a bacterial strain of genotypeade- arg- cys- his- leu- pro-. After a short incubation,samples of these bacteria are plated on six differentmedia, with the supplementations indicated in thefollowing table. The table also shows whether colonieswere observed on the various media.PresenceMedium Ade Arg Cys His Leu Pro of colonies1 - + + + + + N2 + - + + + + N3 + + - + + + C4 + + + - + + N5 + + + + - + C6 + + + + + - NNutrient supplementation in medium(In this table, a plus sign indicates the presence of anutrient supplement, a minus sign indicates that asupplement is not present, N indicates no colonies, and Cindicates colonies present.)a. What genetic process is at work here?b. What is the approximate locus of the prophage?latent infection by animal viruses is most similar to which of the following events: lytic life cycle in bacteriophages O antigen shift antigen drift persistent infection by animal viruses O lysogenic life cycle in bacteriophages
- Predict the replication step for the novel Miovirus. This virus was determined to have a dsRNA genome Draw out your prediction. Include any proteins/enzymes the virus will need to use, bring or express to carry out the replication. Indicate where it is likely for replication to occur in the host cell.Your protection from viral diseases is mitigated by a continuous series of systems, Explain each system in the series, the main components involved, and how they act to aid in this protection.Match the terms 1Genome surrounded by a protein coat 2Functional viral particle capable to infect a new host cell 3Infectious protein 4Infectious agent that needs helper virus for infection 5T4 enzyme that creates holes in the E. coli plasma membrane 6When a temperate phage stimulates their bacterial host tostart producing a toxin (e.g. cholera, shiga) 7Virus that infects bacteria 8Hand N spikes 9Virus without an envelope 10Most common and best studies virulent phage of E. coli 11Protein coat that surrounds viral genome 12:true or false : some viruses can cause cancer [ Choose ] lambda True pathogenic stimulation False Nucleocapsid lysosome Naked virus induction lysozyme Flu viruses tobacco mosaic virus lysogeny capsid Lysogenic conversion Holin Prion satellite bacteriophage (or just phage) T4 Virion Streptococcus