Outline the general body areas that are sterile and those regionsthat harbor normal resident microbiota.

Q: List Koch's postulates and describe how this list supports the Germ Therory of Disease.

A: There are four postulates given by Robert Koch that allow the determination of causative microbial…

Q: Enumerate the  reservoirs of infections

A: Reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitats where the agent live, grows and multiplies,…

Q: Explain the concept of portal of entry and list the major portals of entry with examples of…

A: Microbes are the tiny organisms that cannot be seen with naked eyes.

Q: Explain 10 main ways the human body prevents infections

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Discuss invasive factors and virulence factors.

A: Bacteria invades the cell with the help of different mechanisms. Different factors affect the entry…

Q: Differentiate between the terms, epidemic, pandemic, endemic, and sporadic diseases.

A: Epidemic or Pestilence: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) portrays a scourge as a…

Q: Define the term pathogen.

A: Introduction The immune system is one of the most critical systems in the body, assisting an…

Q: Define infection, infectious disease, pathogenicity, virulence, and opportunistic pathogen.

A: Parasitology is the examination of parasites, their hosts, and the correlation among them. As a…

Q: What are the signs of the pathogens? Define and give examples.

A: Pathogens:- Pathogens are microorganisms that have the potential to cause infectious diseases.…

Q: Discuss the characteristics of the normal microbiota and the typesof functions they serve.

A: Normal microbiota are the microscopic microbes that lie inside and on the surface of our body.

Q: Explain in details epidemiology and the environmental factors that contribute to the spread of…

A: Epidemiology is the scientific and systematic study of the distribution and determinants of…

Q: Explain the differences between communicable and noncommunicable infectious diseases, and between…

A: A disorder refers to the impaired structure of function in an organism like a human, plant, or…

Q: Explain the concept of portal of entry, and list the major portals ofentry with examples of…

A: Infection is defined as the condition when some disease causing agent enters the body of an…

Q: Give two disease caused by bacteria with definition, and briefly discuss the causative agent,…

A: The infection disease process depends on how far the pathogen is able to proliferate itself even…

Q: B. Using MRSA, NOROVIRUS, ATHLETES FOOT and MALARIA as examples, identify the microorganisms (causal…

A: Answer B Microorganisms (causal agent) involved in each disease - MRSA - Methicillin-resistant…

Q: Relate the significant factors involved in the transmission of infectious diseases.

A: Discovering the origin and mode of transmission of pathogens is a key factor in epidemiology. A…

Q: Identify the routine screening tests that are available to detect and diagnosecancer.

A: Cancer screening tests are tests that are used to detect the presence of cancer in healthy people or…

Q: Explain how infection control measures differ in the home versus the hospital ?

A: Infection:  They are caused when microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites, or other…

Q: Write a chain of infection for a communicable disease…. all sections include and how the link can be…

A: The process by which an infectious disease spreads in a community is called chain of infection.…

Q: Differentiate between systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, and superfi cial infections.

A: Infection caused by fungi that invade the skin is known as Mycoses. There are different types of…

Q: What types of information do epidemiologists require to differentiatebetween incidence and…

A: Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and…

Q: Explain what is happening during each stage of infection. Compare and contrast: systemic, local, and…

A: The progression of an infection or disease occurs in four stages and there are several patterns in…

Q: Explain the differences between communicable and noncommunicableinfectious diseases, and between…

A: Based on the way of transmission of diseases, the diseases are classified various types. Based on…

Q: Identify and describe the four major stagesof the epidemiological transition. Discussthe changing…

A: Epidemiological transition is the process by which a population's health changes over time, usually…

Q: Fulfill the epidemiologic triad as to the host, agent, possible vectors, and environment of the…

A: Bubonic plague, interchangeably termed as the black death. Humans mostly become infected when they…

Q: Explain several ways that true pathogens differ from opportunistic pathogens.

A: Organisms which causes disease are referred to as pathogens. They are of five main types- Viruses,…

Q: Define the following terms: Arthropod-borne infections Community acquired infections…

A: An infection happens once another organism enters your body and causes illness. The organisms that…

Q: Describe each type of infection in the following list and include the mode of transmission in each…

A: STI stands for sexually transmitted infections. It is type of infection transmitted through sexual…

Q: Discuss important aspects of health-care-associated infections andtheir impact on patients in…

A: Generally, the healthcare-associated infections are such kinds of infections which developed in a…

Q: Briefly state the role microorganisms play in each of the following: A. Normal Microbiota B. Vaccine…

A: Microorganisms can be beneficial or harmful in many ways to other living organisms including human…

Q: Explain 10 major ways in which the human body prevents infections

A: Different types of  barriers are present in human beings in order to prevent infection. These can…

Q: Differentiate between contamination, colonization, infection, anddisease, and explain some possible…

A: The terms contamination, colonization, infection and disease are related to the interaction of an…

Q: Differentiate between airborne and droplet infection.  Differentiate between direct and indirect…

A: Infections are illnesses caused by the invasion and colonization of pathogenic harmful…

Q: Differentiate the terms in each of the following pairs a. etiology and pathogenesis b. infection and…

A: ANSWER;- a. Etiology is the study of the reason for a disease, though pathogenesis is the way where…

Q: What factors are important in the emergence or reemergenceof potential pathogens?

A: Answer: Introduction: Many factors contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious…

Q: - Discuss the reasons why the problem of healthcare infections exist and, using named examples,…

A: Health care infections are infections associated with the receival of healthcare for another health…

Q: Name some examples of infections and their portals of exit.

A: Pathogens have specific exit paths from the host called the portals of exit. In most cases the…

Q: Distinguish community-acquired pathogens from health-care– associated pathogens, and explain why…

A: An organism that causes disease we define it by a term called a pathogen.  An organism that causes…

Q: Discuss both persistent and transforming infections.

A: Infection is a transmissible disease that works on the invasion and replication of various…

Q: What two general sources are responsible for health-care–associated infections? Give some specific…

A: To treat patients and aid their recovery, modern healthcare utilises a variety of invasive gadgets…

Q: Report the major causes of health-care–associated infection in the United States

A: Introduction: Infections acquired by persons while receiving healthcare treatments from any hospital…

Q: Discuss how a pathogen causes an infection. Include definitions for primary pathogen, opportunistic…

A: Pathogens wreak havoc on their hosts in a number of ways. The most obvious way is to cause direct…

Q: Briefl y relate the sources and conditions that infl uence the development of microbiota in the major…

A: Introduction: The term "normal flora" refers to the diverse microbial community that lives on an…

Q: Summarize the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and preventionof measles.

A: Measles, or rubeola, is a viral disease that begins in the respiratory framework. It actually stays…

Q: Enumerate and define the reservoirs of infections

A: Any human, animal, plant, soil, or material in which an infectious agent usually persists and…

Q: Classify acute and chronic diseases according to infectivity and communicability.

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Terrestrial Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a collection of interconnected communities. It includes both living and non-living elements of specific strata. The terrestrial ecosystem is solely related to the ecosystem present on the land and covers 25 to 30% of the total earth’s surface area.