Oxygen is the most abundant element in both Earth's crust and the human body. The atomic masses of its three stable isotopes, '0 (99.757 percent), 30 (0.038 percent), and 0 (0.205 percent), are 15.9949, 16.9991, and 17.9992 amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of oxygen using the relative abundances given in parentheses. Report the result to four significant figures.

Oxygen is the most abundant element in both Earth's crust and the human body. The atomic masses of its three stable isotopes, '0 (99.757 percent), 30 (0.038 percent), and 0 (0.205 percent), are 15.9949, 16.9991, and 17.9992 amu, respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of oxygen using the relative abundances given in parentheses. Report the result to four significant figures.

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

10th Edition

ISBN:9781337399074

Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel

Publisher:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel

Chapter2: Atoms Molecules And Ions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 24PS: Europium has two stable isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with masses of 150.9197 u and 152.9212 u,...

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Argon has three naturally occurring isotopes: 0.3336% 36Ar, 0.063% 38Ar, and 99.60% 40Ar. Estimate the average atomic mass of argon. If the masses of the isotopes are 35.968 u, 37.963 u, and 39.962 u, respectively, calculate the average atomic mass of natural argon.
The mass spectrum of bromine (Br2) consists of three peaks with the following characteristics: Mass (u) Relative Size 157.84 0.2534 159.84 0.5000 161.84 0.2466 How do you interpret these data?
Two elements, R and Q, combine to form two binary compounds. In the first compound, 14.0 g of R combines with 3.00 g of Q. In the second compound, 7.00 g of R combines with 4.50 g of Q. Show that these data are in accord with the law of multiple proportions. If the formula of the second compound is RQ, what is the formula of the first compound?
Europium has two stable isotopes, 151Eu and 153Eu, with masses of 150.9197 u and 152.9212 u, respectively. Calculate the percent abundances of these isotopes of europium.
Reference Section 5-2 to find the atomic masses of 12C and 13C, the relative abundance of 12C and 13C in natural carbon, and the average mass (in u) of a carbon atom. If you had a sample of natural carbon containing exactly 10,000 atoms, determine the number of 12C and 13C atoms present. What would be the average mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of the carbon atoms in this 10,000-atom sample? If you had a sample of natural carbon containing 6.0221 1023 atoms, determine the number of 12C and 13C atoms present What would be the average mass (in u) and the total mass (in u) of this 6.0221 1023 atom sample? Given that 1 g = 6.0221 1023 u, what is the total mass of I mole of natural carbon in units of grams?
The following chart shows a general decline in abundance with increasing mass among the first 30 elements. The decline continues beyond zinc. Notice that the scale on the vertical axis is logarithmic, that is, it progresses in powers of 10. The abundance of nitrogen, for example, is 1/10,000 (1/104) of the abundance of hydrogen. All abundances are plotted as the number of atoms per 102 atoms of H. (The fact that the abundances of Li, Be, and B, as well as those of the elements near Fe, do not follow the general decline is a consequence of the way that elements are synthesized in stars.) (a) What is the most abundant main group metal? (b) What is the most abundant nonmetal? (c) What is the most abundant metalloid? (d) Which of the transition elements is most abundant? (e) Which halogens are included on this plot, and which is the most abundant?
Two basic laws of chemistry are the law of conservation of mass and the law of constant composition. Which of these laws (if any) do the following statements illustrate? (a) Lavoisier found that when mercury(ll) oxide, HgO, decomposes, the total mass of mercury (Hg) and oxygen formed equals the mass of mercury(ll) oxide decomposed. (b) Analysis of the calcium carbonate found in the marble mined in Carrara, Italy, and in the stalactites of the Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico gives the same value for the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate. (c) Hydrogen occurs as a mixture of two isotopes, one of which is twice as heavy as the other.
In a neutron star, gravity causes the electrons to combine with protons to form neutrons. A typical neutron star has a mass half that of the sun, compressed into a sphere of radius 20 km. If such a neutron star contains 6.01056 neutrons, calculate its density in grams per cubic centimeter. Compare this with the density inside a 232Th nucleus, in which 142 neutrons and 90 protons occupy a sphere of radius 9.11013cm . Take the mass of a neutron to be 1.6751024g and that of a proton to be 1.6731024g .
Calculate the average density of a single Al-27 atom by assuming that it is a sphere with a radius of 0.143 nm. The masses of a proton, electron, and neutron are 1.67261024g,9.10941028g, and 1.67491024g, respectively. The volume of a sphere is 4r3/3, where r is its radius. Express the answer in grams per cubic centimeter. The density of aluminum is found experimentally to be 2.70 g/cm3. What does that suggest about the packing of aluminum atoms in the metal?
The average atomic masses of some elements may vary, depending upon the sources of their ores. Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes with accurately known masses ( 10B, 10.0129 amu and 11B, 11.0931 amu). The actual atomic mass of boron can vary from 10.807 to 10.8 19, depending on whether the mineral source is from Turkey or the United States. Calculate the percent abundances leading to the two values of the average atomic masses of boron from these two countries.
In Groups 4A-6A, there are several elements whose symbols begin with S. Name these elements, and for each one give its symbol, atomic number, group number, and period. Describe each as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal.
Several samples of methane gas, the primary component of natural gas, are decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. The masses of the carbon and hydrogen are then weighed, and the results are tabulated as shown here. Which of these does not follow the law of constant composition? a. 4.0 grams hydrogen and 12.0 grams carbon b. 1.5 grams hydrogen and 4.5 grams carbon c. 7.0 grams hydrogen and 17.0 grams carbon d. 10 grams hydrogen and 30 grams carbon