Physical therapy (PT) may be just as successful as traditional surgery when treating a specific type of knee ligament tear in elderly patients. A group of researchers at a large teaching hospital conduct a trial in which patients are randomly assigned to one of three treatments. A "success" means that the subject had regained full range of motion in their knee 6 months post- treatment. When analyzing their data, which test would be appropriate for these researchers to use? Chi-square test of/for Success Failure Surgery 56 22 PT 54 35 Surgery + PT 85 18
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- A researcher conducted a study to determine whether a new type of phys- ical therapy would help people recovering from knee injuries. The study included 10 patients, and 5 physical therapists. The researcher decided to conduct the experiment using a matched pairs design, as follows: Two patients were (randomly) assigned to each physical therapist. Then, one of the two patients was randomly chosen to receive the new treatment, while the other received the old treatment. After one week, the researcher measured each patient’s improvement in range of motion (ROM), in degrees (◦). (a) Describe the benefit of conducting a matched pairs experiment in this way. (b) The table/image attached to this question shows the data obtained from this experiment: By hand, carry out a t-test to see if the mean difference in ROM improvements between the two treatments (New minus Old) is greater than zero.A researcher collects data by interview on a sample of households to find out if people who read ‘quality’ daily newspapers are more knowledgeable about politics than people who read ‘tabloid’ newspapers daily. The hunch was confirmed. People who read the quality newspapers were twice as likely to respond accurately to a series of questions designed to test their political knowledge. The researcher concludes that the quality dailies induce higher levels of political knowledge than the tabloids. Assess this reasoning.Strack, Martin, and Stepper (1988) reported that people rate cartoons as funnier when holding a pen in their teeth (which forced them to smile) than when holding a pen in their lips (which forced them to frown). A researcher attempted to replicate this result using a sample of adults between the ages of 40 and 45. For each person, the researcher recorded the difference between the rating obtained while smiling and the rating obtained while frowning. On average the cartoons were rated as funnier when the participants were smiling, with an average difference of with . Do the data indicate that the cartoons are rated significantly funnier when the participants are smiling? Use a one-tailed test with . Compute to measure the size of the treatment effect. Write a sentence describing the outcome of the hypothesis test and the measure of effect size as it would appear in a research report.
- Research done at the Harvard School of Public Health showed that regular soda drinkers may have a tendency toward the weak and brittle bones associated with osteoporosis. They surveyed 2,622 women who were active athletes in college and classified them as to whether they regularly drank soft drinks or rarely drank soft drinks. The proportion of women in each group who suffered from bone fractures was determined. The findings: those who regularly drank soft drinks were twice as likely to suffer from bone fractures as those who rarely drank soft drinks. Source: Health and Fitness News Service, August 21, 1996. a. Was this an observational study or an experiment? Explain.b. What is the population under study?c. What was the explanatory variable?d. What was the response variable?e. What are some possible confounding variables in this study?Research done at the Harvard School of Public Health showed that regular soda drinkers may have a tendency toward the weak and brittle bones associated with osteoporosis. They surveyed 2,622 women who were active athletes in college and classified them as to whether they regularly drank soft drinks or rarely drank soft drinks. The proportion of women ineach group who suffered from bone fractures was determined. The findings: those who regularly drank soft drinks were twice as likely to suffer from bone fractures as those who rarely drank soft drinks. Source: Health and Fitness News Service, August 21, 1996. What was the response variable? What are some possible confounding variables in this study?The director of an obesity clinic in a large northwestern city believes that drinking soft drinks contribute to obesity in children. To determine whether a relationship exists between these two variables, she conducts the following pilot study. Eight- 12-year-old male volunteers are randomly selected from children attending a local junior high school. Parents of the children are asked to monitor the number of soft drinks consumed by their child over a one week period. The children are weighed at the end of the week and their weights converted into body mass index (BMI) values. The BMI is a common index used to measure obesity and takes into account both height and weight. An individual is considered obese if they have a BMI value 30. The following data or collected: child. # of soft drinks consumed BMI 1 3 20 2 1 18 3…
- Strayer and colleagues have conducted many studies on the effects of cell phones on driver safety. In a typical study, participants are asked to drive through a neighbourhood in a driving simulator. Occasionally, and obstacle appears (a dog runs into the road, an area is closed off for construction, a traffic light suddenly turns red) and they measure the time required to brake (in seconds). In one study, 32 participants were randomly assigned to drive the route either in silence, or while talking to a confederate on a hands-free cell phone. Half the participants drove through a “novel” neighbourhood they had never seen before, and half drove through a simulation of their own neighbourhood. The JAMOVI analyses of this study are attached. Which of the following is a correct description of the interaction (select all that apply)? in the second imageUniversity students are increasingly taking class notes on a laptop rather than writing their notes by hand. Students argue that laptops are more efficient, but professors typically disagree. Which method is better for developing conceptual understanding? In an experiment, 109 university students all watched the same lecture. Half were randomly assigned to take notes on a laptop while the remaining students took notes by hand. Before taking a test to measure conceptual understanding of the lecture, researchers assigned half of each group to review their notes while the other half wasn’t given an opportunity to review. List the explanatory variables and the number of possible values for each variable. If the researchers used every possible combination to form the treatments, how many treatments were included in the experiment? 2. List two of the treatments. 3. Were the subjects (the students) “blind” to what treatment they received? 4.What is the response variable?University students are increasingly taking class notes on a laptop rather than writing their notes by hand. Students argue that laptops are more efficient, but professors typically disagree. Which method is better for developing conceptual understanding? In an experiment, 109 university students all watched the same lecture. Half were randomly assigned to take notes on a laptop while the remaining students took notes by hand. Before taking a test to measure conceptual understanding of the lecture, researchers assigned half of each group to review their notes while the other half wasn’t given an opportunity to review. List the explanatory variables and the number of possible values for each variable.
- Evans conducted a study to determine if the frequency and characteristics of pediatric problems in elderly patients with diabetes present differences with respect to patients of the same age, but without diabetes. The individuals studied, interned in a clinic, were between 70 and 90 years old. Among the researchers' findings are the following statistics. with respect to the scores on the deep tendon reflexes meters:Sample without Diabetes: 79 / 2.1 / 1.1With Diabetes: 74 / 1.6 / 1.2Is it possible to conclude, based on the data, that, on average, diabetic patients they have reduced deep tendon reflexes in comparison with patients without diabetes of the same age?A recent study claims that using music in a class enhances concentration and consequently helps students absorb more information. A researcherdecided to test this claim on a smaller group of randomly selected students from three different classes. Each classroom was provided with a different environment for students to study. Classroom A had constant music being played in the background, classroom B had variable music being played and classroom C was a regular class with no music playing. After one month, the researcher conducted a test for all the three groups and ranked their scores. What statistical test would be most appropriate for testing the research hypothesis? Explain your answer.Is injecting medical cement effective in reducing pain for people who have suffered fractured vertebrae? A paper describes an experiment to compare patients who underwent vertebroplasty (the injection of cement) to patients in a placebo group who underwent a fake procedure. Because the placebo procedure was similar to the vertebroplasty procedure except for the actual injection of cement, patients participating in the experiment were not aware of which treatment they received. All patients were asked to rate their pain at three different times—3 days, 14 days, and 1 month after the procedure. Summary statistics are given in the accompanying table. Pain Intensity VertebroplastyGroup Placebo Group n = 73 n = 76 mean sd mean sd 3 days 4.2 2.8 3.9 2.9 14 days 4.3 2.9 4.5 2.8 1 month 3.9 2.9 4.6 3.0 (a) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean pain intensity between the two treatments at 14 days after treatment. (Use ?Vertebroplasty −…
