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- Describe the following physical occurrences as events, that is, in the form (x, y, z, t): (a) A postman rings a doorbell of a house precisely at noon. (b) At the same lime as the doorbell is lung, a slice of bread pops out of a toaster that is located 10 1T1 from the door in the east direction from the door. (c) Tell seconds later, an airplane arrives at the airport, which is 10 km from the door in the east direction and 2 km to the south.The total energy of a proton is twice its rest energy. Find the momentum of the proton in MeV/c units.An Earth satellite used in the Global Positioning System moves in a circular orbit with period 11 h 58 min. (a) Determine the radius of its orbit. (b) Determine its speed. (c) The satellite contains an oscillator producing the principal nonmilitary GPS signal. Its frequency is 1 575.42 MHz in the reference frame of the satellite. When it is received on the Earths surface, what is the fractional change in this frequency due to time dilation, as described by special relativity? (d) The gravitational blueshift of the frequency according to general relativity is a separate effect. The magnitude of that fractional change is given by ff=Ugmc2 where Ug/m is the change in gravitational potential energy per unit mass between the two points at which the signal is observed. Calculate this fractional change in frequency. (e) What is the overall fractional change in frequency? Superposed on both of these relativistic effects is a Doppler shift that is generally much larger. It can be a redshift or a blueshift, depending on the motion of a particular satellite relative to a GPS receiver (Fig. P1.39).
- A spacecraft zooms past the Earth with a constant velocity. An observer on the Earth measures that an undamaged clock on the spacecraft is ticking at one-third the rate of an identical clock on the Earth. What does an observer on the spacecraft measure about the Earth-based clocks ticking rate? (a) It runs more than three times faster than his own clock. (b) It runs three times faster than his own. (c) It runs at the same rate as his own. (d) It runs at one-third the rate of his own. (e) It runs at less than one-third the rate of his own.A muon formed high in Earth's atmosphere travels toward Earth at a speed v = 0.990c for a distance of 4.60 km as measured by an observer at rest with respect to Earth. It then decays into an electron, a neutrino, and an antineutrino. (a) How long does the muon survive according to an observer at rest on Earth? (b) Compute the gamma factor associated with the muon. (c) How much time passes according to an observer traveling with the muon? (d) What distance does the muon travel according to an observer traveling with the muon? (e) A third observer traveling toward the muon at c/2 measures the lifetime of the particle. According to this observer, is the muons lifetime shorter or longer than the lifetime measured by the observer at rest with respect to Earth? Explain.Suppose an astronaut is moving relative to the Earth at a significant fraction of the speed of light. (a) Does he observe the rate of his clocks to have slowed? (b) What change in the rate of Earth-bound clocks does he see? (c) Does his ship seem to him to shorten? (d) What about the distance between stars that lie on lines parallel to his motion? (e) Do he and an Earth-bound observer agree on his velocity relative to the Earth?
- An observer in a coasting spacecraft moves toward a mirror at speed v relative to the reference frame labeled by S in Figure P26.46. The mirror is stationary with respect to S. A light pulse emitted by the spacecraft travels toward the mirror and is reflected back to the spacecraft. The spacecraft is a distance d from the mirror (as measured by observers in S) at the moment the light pulse leaves the spacecraft. What is the total travel time of the pulse as measured by observers in (a) the S frame and (b) the spacecraft? Figure P26.46A muon formed high in Earth's atmosphere travels toward Earth at a speed v = 0.990c for a distance of 4.60 km as measured by an observer at rest with respect to Earth. It then decays into an electron, a neutrino, and an antineutrino. (a) How long does the muon survive according to an observer at rest on Earth? (b) Compute the gamma factor associated with the muon. (c) How much time passes according to an observer traveling with the muon? (d) What distance does the muon travel according to an observer traveling with the muon? (e) A third observer traveling toward the muon at c/2 measures the lifetime of the particle. According to this observer, is the muons lifetime shorter or longer than the lifetime measured by the observer at rest with respect to Earth? Explain.Which of the following will emit an EM WAVE? Choose all that apply. a. A proton moving in a circle while traveling at a constant speed of 20 in/min. b. An electron moving at a constant velocity of 60 mph due north. c. An ion that is stationary. d. A neutrino that is speeding up from 1000 m/s to 1200 m/s. e. A neutron that is slowing down from 500 km/h to 400 km/h.
- What is the speed of a beam of electrons (in SI units) that go undeflected when passing through crossed electric and magnetic fields of magnitude (5.07x10^0)x104 V/m and (4.270x10^0)x10-3 T, respectively? Give your answer to 3 sf.Earth's neighboring galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is a distance of 2.54×107 light-years from Earth. If the lifetime of a human is taken to be 70.0 years, a spaceship would need to achieve some minimum speed ?min to deliver a living human being to this galaxy. How close to the speed of light would this minimum speed be? Express your answer as the difference between ?min and the speed of light ?. ?−?min= m/sWhat is the wavelength, in fm (femtometers, or 10^-15 m), of a proton travelling at 90% of the speed of light?