University Physics Volume 1 18th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168277
Author: William Moebs, Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: William Moebs, Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny
1 Units And Measurement 2 Vectors 3 Motion Along A Straight Line 4 Motion In Two And Three Dimensions 5 Newton's Law Of Motion 6 Applications Of Newton's Laws 7 Work And Kinetic Energy 8 Potential Energy And Conservation Of Energy 9 Linear Momentum And Collisions 10 Fixed-axis Rotation 11 Angular Momentum 12 Static Equilibrium And Elasticity 13 Gravitation 14 Fluid Mechanics 15 Oscillations 16 Waves 17 Sound Chapter17: Sound
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 17.1CYU: Check Your Understanding Imagine you observe two firework shells explode. You hear the explosion of... Problem 17.2CYU: Check Your Understanding Identify common sounds at the levels of 10 dB, 50 dB, and 100 dB. Problem 17.3CYU: Check Your Understanding Describe how amplitude is related to the loudness of a sound. Problem 17.4CYU: Check Your Understanding If you walk around two speakers playing music, how come you do not notice... Problem 17.5CYU: Check Your Understanding Describe how noise-canceling headphones differ from standard headphones... Problem 17.6CYU: Check Your Understanding How is it possible to use a standing wave’s node and antinode to determine... Problem 17.7CYU: Check Your Understanding You observe two musical instruments that you cannot identify. One plays... Problem 17.8CYU: Check Your Understanding What would happen if more than two frequencies interacted? Consider three... Problem 17.9CYU: Check Your Understanding Describe a situation in your life when you might rely on the Doppler shift... Problem 1CQ: What is the difference between sound and hearing? Problem 2CQ: You will learn that light is an electromagnetic wave that can travel through a vacuum. Can sound... Problem 3CQ: Sound waves can be modeled as a change in pressure. Why is the change in pressure used and not the... Problem 4CQ: How do sound vibrations of atoms differ from thermal motion? Problem 5CQ: When sound passes from one medium to another where its propagation speed is different, does its... Problem 6CQ: A popular party trick is to inhale helium and speak in a high-frequency, funny voice. Explain this... Problem 7CQ: You may have used a sonic range finder in lab to measure the distance of an object using a clicking... Problem 8CQ: The sonic range finder discussed in the preceding question often needs to be calibrated. During the... Problem 9CQ: Six members of a synchronized swim team wear earplugs to protect themselves against water pressure... Problem 10CQ: A community is concerned about a plan to bring train service to their downtown from the town’s... Problem 11CQ: You are given two wind instruments of identical length. One is open at both ends, whereas the other... Problem 12CQ: What is the difference between an overtone and a harmonic? Are all harmonics overtones? Are all... Problem 13CQ: Two identical columns, open at both ends, are in separate rooms. In room A, the temperature is T=20C... Problem 14CQ: How does an unamplified guitar produce sounds so much more intense than those of a plucked string... Problem 15CQ: Consider three pipes of the same length (L). Pipe A is open at both ends, pipe B is closed at both... Problem 16CQ: Pipe A has a length L and is open at both ends. Pipe B has a length L/2 and has one open end and one... Problem 17CQ: A string is tied between two lab posts a distance L apart. The tension in the string and the linear... Problem 18CQ: Two speakers are attached to variable-frequency signal generator. Speaker A produces a... Problem 19CQ: The label has been scratched off a tuning fork and you need to know its frequency. From its size,... Problem 20CQ: Referring to the preceding question, if you had only the 250-Hz fork, could you come up with a... Problem 21CQ: A “showy” custom-built car has two brass horns that are supposed to produce the same frequency but... Problem 22CQ: Is the Doppler shift real or just a sensory illusion? Problem 23CQ: Three stationary observers observe the Doppler shift from a source moving at a constant velocity.... Problem 24CQ: Shown below is a stationary source and moving observers. Describe the frequencies observed by the... Problem 25CQ: Prior to 1980, conventional radar was used by weather forecasters. In the 1960s, weather forecasters... Problem 26CQ: What is the difference between a sonic boom and a shock wave? Problem 27CQ: Due to efficiency considerations related to its bow wake, the supersonic transport aircraft must... Problem 28CQ: When you hear a sonic boom, you often cannot see the plane that made it. Why is that? Problem 29P: Consider a sound wave modeled with the equation s(x,t)=4.00nmcos(3.66m1x1256s1t) . What is the... Problem 30P: Consider a sound wave moving through the air modeled with the equation... Problem 31P: Consider a diagnostic ultrasound of frequency 5.00 MHz that is used to examine an irregularity in... Problem 32P: A sound wave is modeled as P=1.80Pasin(55.41m1x18,840s1t) . What is the maximum change in pressure,... Problem 33P: A sound wave is modeled with the wave function P=1.20Pasin(kx6.28104s1t) and the sound wave travels... Problem 34P: The displacement of the air molecules in sound wave is modeled with the wave function... Problem 35P: A speaker is placed at the opening of a long horizontal tube. The speaker oscillates at a frequency... Problem 36P: A 250-Hz tuning fork is struck and begins to vibrate. A sound-level meter is located 34.00 m away.... Problem 37P: A sound wave produced by an ultrasonic transducer, moving in air, is modeled with the wave equation... Problem 38P: Porpoises emit sound waves that they use for navigation. If the wavelength of the sound wave emitted... Problem 39P: Bats use sound waves to catch insects. Bats can detect frequencies up to 100 kHz. If the sound waves... Problem 40P: A bat sends of a sound wave 100 kHz and the sound waves travel through air at a speed of v=343 m/s.... Problem 41P: Consider the graph shown below of a compression wave. Shown are snapshots of the wave function for... Problem 42P: Consider the graph in the preceding problem of a compression wave. Shown are snapshots of the wave... Problem 43P: A guitar string oscillates at a frequency of 100 Hz and produces a sound wave. (a) What do you think... Problem 44P: When poked by a spear, an operatic soprano lets out a 1200-Hz shriek. What is its wavelength if the... Problem 45P: What frequency sound has a 0.10-m wavelength when the speed of sound is 340 m/s? Problem 46P: Calculate the speed of sound on a day when a 1500-Hz frequency has a wavelength of 0.221 m. Problem 47P: (a) What is the speed of sound in a medium where a 100-kHz frequency produces a 5.96-cm wavelength?... Problem 48P: Show that the speed of sound in 20.0°C air is 343 m/s, as claimed in the text. Problem 49P: Air temperature in the Sahara Desert can reach 56.0° C (about 134°F ). What is the speed of sound in... Problem 50P: Dolphins make sounds in air and water. What is the ratio of the wavelength of a sound in air to its... Problem 51P: A sonar echo returns to a submarine 1.20 s after being emitted. What is the distance to the object... Problem 52P: (a) If a submarine’s sonar can measure echo times with a precision of 0.0100 s, what is the smallest... Problem 53P: Ultrasonic sound waves are often used in methods of nondestructive testing. For example, this method... Problem 54P: A physicist at a fireworks display times the lag between seeing an explosion and hearing its sound,... Problem 55P: During a 4th of July celebration, an M80 firework explodes on the ground, producing a bright flash... Problem 56P: The density of a sample of water is =998.00kg/m3 and the bulk modulus is =2.15GPa . What is the... Problem 57P: Suppose a bat uses sound echoes to locate its insect prey, 3.00 m away. (See Figure 17.6.) (a)... Problem 58P: What is the intensity in watts per meter squared of a 85.0-dB sound? Problem 59P: The warning tag on a lawn mower states that it produces noise at a level of 91.0 dB. What is this in... Problem 60P: A sound wave traveling in air has a pressure amplitude of 0.5 Pa. What is the intensity of the wave? Problem 61P: What intensity level does the sound in the preceding problem correspond to? Problem 62P: What sound intensity level in dB is produced by earphones that create an intensity of 4.00102W/m2 ? Problem 63P: What is the decibel level of a sound that is twice as intense as a 90.0-dB sound? (b) What is the... Problem 64P: What is the intensity of a sound that has a level 7.00 dB lower than a 4.00109-W/m2 sound? (b) What... Problem 65P: People with good hearing can perceive sounds as low as -8.00 dB at a frequency of 3000 Hz. What is... Problem 66P: If a large housefly 3.0 m away from you makes a noise of 40.0 dB, what is the noise level of 1000... Problem 67P: Ten cars in a circle at a boom box competition produce a 120-dB sound intensity level at the center... Problem 68P: The amplitude of a sound wave is measured in terms of its maximum gauge pressure. By what factor... Problem 69P: If a sound intensity level of 0 dB at 1000 Hz corresponds to a maximum gauge pressure (sound... Problem 70P: An 8-hour exposure to a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB may cause hearing damage. What energy in... Problem 71P: Sound is more effectively transmitted into a stethoscope by direct contact rather than through the... Problem 72P: Loudspeakers can produce intense sounds with surprisingly small energy input in spite of their low... Problem 73P: The factor of 10-12 in the range of intensities to which the ear can respond, from threshold to that... Problem 74P: What are the closest frequencies to 500 Hz that an average person can clearly distinguish as being... Problem 75P: YY13Can you tell that your roommate turned up the sound on the TV if its average sound intensity... Problem 76P: If a woman needs an amplification of 5.0105 times the threshold intensity to enable her to hear at... Problem 77P: A person has a hearing threshold 10 dB above normal at 100 Hz and 50 dB above normal at 4000 Hz. How... Problem 78P: (a) What is the fundamental frequency of a 0.672-mlong tube, open at both ends, on a day when the... Problem 79P: What is the length of a tube that has a fundamental frequency of 176 Hz and a first overtone of 352... Problem 80P: The ear canal resonates like a tube closed at one end. (See [link]Figure 17_03_HumEar[/link].) If... Problem 81P: Calculate the first overtone in an ear canal, which resonates like a 2.40-cm-long tube closed at one... Problem 82P: A crude approximation of voice production is to consider the breathing passages and mouth to be a... Problem 83P: A 4.0-m-long pipe, open at one end and closed at one end, is in a room where the temperature is... Problem 84P: A 4.0-m-long pipe, open at both ends, is placed in a room where the temperature is T=25C . A speaker... Problem 85P: A nylon guitar string is fixed between two lab posts 2.00 m apart. The string has a linear mass... Problem 86P: A 512-Hz tuning fork is struck and placed next to a tube with a movable piston, creating a tube with... Problem 87P: Students in a physics lab are asked to find the length of an air column in a tube closed at one end... Problem 88P: If a wind instrument, such as a tuba, has a fundamental frequency of 32.0 Hz, what are its first... Problem 89P: What are the first three overtones of a bassoon that has a fundamental frequency of 90.0 Hz? It is... Problem 90P: How long must a flute be in order to have a fundamental frequency of 262 Hz (this frequency... Problem 91P: What length should an oboe have to produce a fundamental frequency of 110 Hz on a day when the speed... Problem 92P: (a) Find the length of an organ pipe closed at one end that produces a fundamental frequency of 256... Problem 93P: An organ pipe (L=3.00m) is closed at both ends. Compute the wavelengths and frequencies of the first... Problem 94P: An organ pipe (L=3.00m) is closed at one end. Compute the wavelengths and frequencies of the first... Problem 95P: A sound wave of a frequency of 2.00 kHz is produced by a string oscillating in the n=6 mode. The... Problem 96P: Consider the sound created by resonating the tube shown below. The air temperature is TC=30.00C .... Problem 97P: A student holds an 80.00-cm lab pole one quarter of the length from the end of the pole. The lab... Problem 98P: A string on the violin has a length of 24.00 cm and a mass of 0.860 g. The fundamental frequency of... Problem 99P: By what fraction will the frequencies produced by a wind instrument change when air temperature goes... Problem 100P: What beat frequencies are present: (a) If the musical notes A and C are played together (frequencies... Problem 101P: What beat frequencies result if a piano hammer hits three strings that emit frequencies of 127.8,... Problem 102P: A piano tuner hears a beat every 2.00 s when listening to a 264.0-Hz tuning fork and a single piano... Problem 103P: Two identical strings, of identical lengths of 2.00 m and linear mass density of =0.0065 kg/m, are... Problem 104P: A piano tuner uses a 512-Hz tuning fork to tune a piano. He strikes the fork and hits a key on the... Problem 105P: A string with a linear mass density of =0.0062 kg/m is stretched between two posts 1.30 m apart. The... Problem 106P: A car has two horns, one emitting a frequency of 199 Hz and the other emitting a frequency of 203... Problem 107P: The middle C hammer of a piano hits two strings, producing beats of 1.50 Hz. One of the strings is... Problem 108P: Two tuning forks having frequencies of 460 and 464 Hz are struck simultaneously. What average... Problem 109P: Twin jet engines on an airplane are producing an average sound frequency of 4100 Hz with a beat... Problem 110P: Three adjacent keys on a piano (F, F-sharp, and G) are struck simultaneously, producing frequencies... Problem 111P: (a) What frequency is received by a person watching an oncoming ambulance moving at 110 km/h and... Problem 112P: (a) At an air show a jet flies directly toward the stands at a speed of 1200 km/h, emitting a... Problem 113P: What frequency is received by a mouse just before being dispatched by a hawk flying at it at 25.0... Problem 114P: A spectator at a parade receives an 888-Hz tone from an oncoming trumpeter who is playing an 880-Hz... Problem 115P: A commuter train blows its 200-Hz horn as it approaches a crossing. The speed of sound is 335 m/s.... Problem 116P: Can you perceive the shift in frequency produced when you pull a tuning fork toward you at 10.0 m/s... Problem 117P: Two eagles fly directly toward one another, the first at 15.0 m/s and the second at 20.0 m/s. Both... Problem 118P: Student A runs down the hallway of the school at a speed of vo=5.00 m/s, carrying a ringing... Problem 119P: An ambulance with a siren (f=1.00kHz) blaring is approaching an accident scene. The ambulance is... Problem 120P: The frequency of the siren of an ambulance is 900 Hz and is approaching you. You are standing on a... Problem 121P: What is the minimum speed at which a source must travel toward you for you to be able to hear that... Problem 122P: An airplane is flying at Mach 1.50 at an altitude of 7500.00 meters, where the speed of sound is... Problem 123P: A jet flying at an altitude of 8.50 km has a speed of Mach 2.00, where the speed of sound is... Problem 124P: The shock wave off the front of a fighter jet has an angle of =70.00 . The jet is flying at 1200... Problem 125P: A plane is flying at Mach 1.2, and an observer on the ground hears the sonic boom 15.00 seconds... Problem 126P: A bullet is fired and moves at a speed of 1342 mph. Assume the speed of sound is v=340.00 m/s. What... Problem 127P: A speaker is placed at the opening of a long horizontal tube. The speaker oscillates at a frequency... Problem 128P: An airplane moves at Mach 1.2 and produces a shock wave. (a) What is the speed of the plane in... Problem 129AP: A 0.80-m-long tube is opened at both ends. The air temperature is 26°C. The air in the tube is... Problem 130AP: A tube filled with water has a valve at the bottom to allow the water to flow out of the tube. As... Problem 131AP: Consider the following figure. The length of the string between the string vibrator and the pulley... Problem 132AP: Early Doppler shift experiments were conducted using a band playing music on a train. A trumpet... Problem 133AP: Two cars move toward one another, both sounding their horns (fs=800Hz) . Car A is moving at 65 mph... Problem 134AP: Student A runs after Student B. Student A carries a tuning fork ringing at 1024 Hz, and student B... Problem 135AP: Suppose that the sound level from a source is 75 dB and then drops to 52 dB, with a frequency of 600... Problem 136AP: The Doppler shift for a Doppler radar is found by f=fR(1+vc1vc) , where fR is the frequency of the... Problem 137AP: A stationary observer hears a frequency of 1000.00 Hz as a source approaches and a frequency of... Problem 138AP: A flute plays a note with a frequency of 600 Hz. The flute can be modeled as a pipe open at both... Problem 139CP: Two sound speakers are separated by a distance d, each sounding a frequency f. An observer stands at... Problem 140CP: Consider the beats shown below. This is a graph of the gauge pressure versus time for the position... Problem 141CP: Two speakers producing the same frequency of sound are a distance of d apart. Consider an arc along... Problem 142CP: A string has a length of 1.5 m, a linear mass density =0.008 kg/m, , and a tension of 120 N. If the... Problem 143CP: A string (=0.006kgm,L=1.50m) is fixed at both ends and is under a tension of 155 N. It oscillates in... Problem 144CP: A string has a linear mass density µ, a length L, and a tension of FT, and oscillates in a mode n at... Problem 145CP: A string has a linear mass density =0.007 kg/m, a length L=0.70 m, a tension of FT=110 N, and... Problem 146CP: A speaker powered by a signal generator is used to study resonance in a tube. The signal generator... Problem 147CP: A string on the violin has a length of 23.00 cm and a mass of 0.900 grams. The tension in the string... Problem 121P: What is the minimum speed at which a source must travel toward you for you to be able to hear that...
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Concept explainers
Police radar determines the speed of motor vehicles using the same Doppler-shift technique employed for ultrasound in medical diagnostics. Beats are produced by mixing the double Doppler-shifted echo with the9 Hz microwaves are used and a beat frequency of 150 Hz is produced, what is the speed of the vehicle? (Assume the same Dopplershift formulas are valid with the speed of sound replaced by the speed of light .)
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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