Please help answer the question on natural polymers

polysaccharides

1) compare and contrast the structure and function of startch and glycogen

proteins

1) sketch the two amino acids. Contrast the polarity of the side chains

Dna

1) what are the predominant groups in dna

2) the covalent linkage between nucleotides is called a phosphodiester bond. Sketch the linkage
Transcribed Image Text:Activity 2.2 Polystyrene sound in many products because it is pheweight a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to and cups that keep beverages as en shopping materials. However, the patystyrene requeres hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource computers with internet access Procedure 3. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research • What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? ning Check mntify and describe the chemical process used to vert petroleum into petrochemicals. do manufacturers want to convert the ponents in petroleum into petrochemicals? graphic organizer to show the steps involved verting ethene into PVC. human healthg 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. What is th Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.258 shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a polysaccharide Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. H HO CH₂OH H H HO- OH CH₂OH H H H OH HO H HO- H H H -H H cellulose CH₂OH H H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. CH₂OH Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. starch Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H OH H HO H H O OH CH₂OH H H H HO- -H 0 H CH₂OH OH H H H но- lyd H CH₂ OH H H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH magnification: unknown H
Transcribed Image Text:Activity 2.2 Polystyrene sound in many products because it is pheweight a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to and cups that keep beverages as en shopping materials. However, the patystyrene requeres hazardous chemicals and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource computers with internet access Procedure 3. Research polystyrene in order to better understand what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to guide your research • What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and what is the chemical reaction for the production of polystyrene? What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to the environment? What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on the environment through its manufacture, use, and disposal? ning Check mntify and describe the chemical process used to vert petroleum into petrochemicals. do manufacturers want to convert the ponents in petroleum into petrochemicals? graphic organizer to show the steps involved verting ethene into PVC. human healthg 2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle 3. Research alternatives that are available that could be used instead of polystyrene. What is th Questions 1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polystyrene. 2. Construct a table to show the advantages and disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene. 3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives to polystyrenes. 4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not the use of polystyrene should be banned in your community Invite other classes to view the debate and judge the winners. 22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing PVC. 23. What are dioxins? 24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of plastic waste generated in your home. Natural Polymers Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells. Polysaccharides Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides. For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.258 shows part of a cellulose polymer. Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a polysaccharide Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure 2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26. H HO CH₂OH H H HO- OH CH₂OH H H H OH HO H HO- H H H -H H cellulose CH₂OH H H Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet. Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a scanning electron microscope. CH₂OH Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these animals can gain nutrients from cellulose. starch Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However, glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the rate at which glucose can be released from storage. H OH H HO H H O OH CH₂OH H H H HO- -H 0 H CH₂OH OH H H H но- lyd H CH₂ OH H H H H Figure 2.26 The bonds between glucose monomers in starch can be broken by enzymes in the digestive systems of animals. Arrows point to alpha linkages. OH magnification: unknown H

Question

Please help answer the question on natural polymers

polysaccharides

1) compare and contrast the structure and function of startch and glycogen

proteins

1) sketch the two amino acids. Contrast the polarity of the side chains

Dna

1) what are the predominant groups in dna

2) the covalent linkage between nucleotides is called a phosphodiester bond. Sketch the linkage

Activity 2.2
Polystyrene sound in many products because it is
pheweight a good insulator, and inexpensive. It is used to
and cups that keep beverages
as en shopping materials. However, the
patystyrene requeres hazardous chemicals
and also uses petroleum, a non-renewable resource
computers with internet access
Procedure
3. Research polystyrene in order to better understand
what it is and how it is made. Use the questions below to
guide your research
• What is the chemical structure of polystyrene and
what is the chemical reaction for the production of
polystyrene?
What properties of polystyrene make it hazardous to
the environment?
What is the environmental impact of polystyrene on
the environment through its manufacture, use, and
disposal?
ning Check
mntify and describe the chemical process used to
vert petroleum into petrochemicals.
do manufacturers want to convert the
ponents in petroleum into petrochemicals?
graphic organizer to show the steps involved
verting ethene into PVC.
human healthg
2. Find out how is polystyrene recycled. Are there
industries in your community or in Ontario that recycle
3. Research alternatives that are available that could be
used instead of polystyrene.
What is th
Questions
1. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the use
of polystyrene.
2. Construct a table to show the advantages and
disadvantages associated with recycling polystyrene.
3. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the
alternatives to polystyrenes.
4. Hold a debate in your class about whether or not
the use of polystyrene should be banned in your
community Invite other classes to view the debate and
judge the winners.
22. List the advantages and disadvantages to producing
PVC.
23. What are dioxins?
24. Identify two ways you can reduce the amount of
plastic waste generated in your home.
Natural Polymers
Natural polymers are found in almost every living system. Natural polymers include
polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. Polysaccharides, such as starch, are made up of
sugar monomers and broken down to release energy by living things. Proteins are used by
living things to build muscle and connective tissues and as enzymes to catalyze chemical
reactions. DNA is the genetic material inside cells.
Polysaccharides
Polymers comprising sugar monomers (also called saccharides) are called polysaccharides.
For example, the natural polymer cellulose provides most of the structure of plants. The
monomer of cellulose is glucose, a sugar. Wood, paper, cotton, and flax are all composed
of cellulose fibres. Figure 2.25A gives a close-up look at cellulose fibres. Figure 2.258 shows
part of a cellulose polymer.
Starch, the energy storage unit in plants, shown in Figure 2.26, is also a polysaccharide
Humans can digest starch, but they cannot digest cellulose. What is the difference
between these polymers? The orientation of individual glucose monomers differs in the
two polymers. In cellulose the glucose monomers form beta linkages and in starch the
glucose monomers form alpha linkages. The difference between the two linkages is difficult
to visualize in a two-dimensional sketch, but chemists have agreed on a convention for
drawing the alpha and beta linkages. In the beta linkage, the bond from the carbon atom
to the oxygen atom is drawn upward, as shown by the red arrows in the cellulose in Figure
2.25A. In the alpha linkage, the bond from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom is drawn
downward, as shown by the red arrows in the starch in Figure 2.26.
H
HO
CH₂OH
H
H
HO-
OH
CH₂OH
H
H
H
OH
HO
H
HO-
H
H
H
-H
H
cellulose
CH₂OH
H
H
Figure 2.25 (A) Cellulose is the main structural fibre in plants and makes up the fibre in our diet.
Red arrows point to beta linkages. (B) Cellulose forms fibres that can be viewed through a
scanning electron microscope.
CH₂OH
Enzymes in our bodies recognize and break down the alpha linkages in a starch
molecule. However, animals, including human beings, have no enzymes that recognize the
beta linkages. Thus, cellulose passes through our system. However, some animals, such as
cows and termites, are host to bacteria that can digest beta linkages. In this manner, these
animals can gain nutrients from cellulose.
starch
Starch also differs from cellulose in that it can have branched chains. Straight-chain
starch is called amylose and branched-chain starch is called amylopectin. After about
every 24 to 30 glucose monomers in amylopectin, there is a branch such as the one in
Figure 2.26. Glycogen, a third glucose polymer, is the energy storage unit in animals. Like
starch, glycogen has an alpha linkage, so it can also be digested by humans. However,
glycogen differs from starch in that it has many more branches. Glycogen branches at about
every 8 to 12 glucose units. This extensive branching creates many free ends that allow
enzymes to act on the glycogen polymer at many points simultaneously, thus increasing the
rate at which glucose can be released from storage.
H
OH
H
HO
H
H
O
OH
CH₂OH
H
H
H
HO-
-H
0
H
CH₂OH
OH
H
H
H
но-
lyd
H
CH₂
OH
H
H
H
H
Figure 2.26 The bonds
between glucose
monomers in starch can
be broken by enzymes in
the digestive systems of
animals. Arrows point to
alpha linkages.
OH
magnification: unknown
H

Accepted Answer

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