Problem 5. Suppose a cell expresses HK-I and 5 mM is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Compare the cellular concentration of glucose (relative to 5 mM) based on the G6P concentration in the cell being low or high.
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HK-1 is a type of hexokinase encoded by the HK1 gene. This enzyme produces glucose-6-phosphate by phosphorylating glucose. It can phosphorylate other hexoses too. Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate initiates the process of glycolysis which is associated with the production of energy-yielding molecules. Hexokinase is present on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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- Problems 14 and 15: some of the exponents are unclear. Here they are: 14. Calculate vi and the degree of inhibition caused by a competitive inhibitor under the following conditions:(a) [S]=2x10-3 Mand[I]=2x10-3 M(b) [S]=4x10-4 Mand[I]=2x10-3 M (c) [S]=7.5x10-3 Mand[I]=10-5 MAssume that Km = 2 x 10-3 M, Ki = 1.5 x 10-4 M and Vmax = 270 nmoles x liter-1 x min-1.The degree of inhibition is the percent of the uninhibited velocity reached in the presence of the inhibitor. 15. (a) What concentration of competitive inhibitor is required to yield 75% inhibition at a substrate concentration of 1.5 x 10-3 M if Km =2.9x10-4 M and Ki =2x10-5 M? (b)Towhatconcentration must the substrate be increased to reestablish the velocity at theoriginal uninhibited value?Problem 3. Excess alcohol consumption can result in fatty liver disease. Liver cells synthesize triacylglycerides from fatty acids formed by fatty acid synthesis. Excess triacylglycerides can accumulate in the liver compromising normal liver function. D.Explain how stimulation of the rate of fatty acid synthesis changes the rate of fatty acid oxidation based on allosteric regulation of the rate-limiting step of beta-oxidation.Problem 2. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting levels of NADH cause metabolic abnormalities, and one of which is high levels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also a cytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate and NADPH as a reducing agent. Based on the above, we can see how acetate is converted to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, but fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol. Complete the analysis by accounting for high acetyl-CoA concentration in the cytosol. Study the summary of reactions of citrate metabolism. E. How would increasing the rate of the reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase decrease the concentration of oxaloacetic acid (OAA) in the cytosol? F. How would decreasing the concentration of OAA increase the concentration of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol by Le Chatelier’s principle?
- Problem # 3: Calculate the number of moles of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of 900 g glucose in the cells. Show your computation/solution.Problem 1: For your new year's resolution, you resolve to lose 5lbs of body fat through physical exercise. If you work out hard, you can generate 200 W of mechanical power and be 20% efficient at it. How long will you have to exercise at this rate to burn the desired amount of fat? If you chose to diet instead and cut your food intake of 2400 kcal/day to 1600 kcal/day, how long will it take you to lose the desired amount of weight?Problem #1: Indicate the total number of ATPs produced in each of the following oxidation reactions from 5 moles of glucose. A. pyruvate to Acetyl CoA B. glucose to Acetyl CoA C. Citric acid cycle
- PROBLEM 3. How might prolonged treatment with antibiotics results in the sideeffect of impaired blood clotting? .Problem 52 Correctly label the following movements.Problem 3. Excess alcohol consumption can result in fatty liver disease. Liver cells synthesize triacylglycerides from fatty acids formed by fatty acid synthesis. Excess triacylglycerides can accumulate in the liver compromising normal liver function. A.Explain how palmitoyl-CoA is related to fatty acyl CoASH esters (acyl-CoA) B.Explain how increasing the rate of triglyceride formation changes the concentration of acyl-CoA in the cytosol. C.Explain how the rate of triglyceride formation stimulates the rate of fatty acid synthesis based on the concentration of palmitoyl-CoA in the cytosol
- Task №1. The disease is described in which the activity of phosphofructokinase of adipose tissue isn't regulated by citrate. How can the lipid metabolism in adipose tissue be changed in such genetic defect?Problem 61 Match each term on the left with its correct definition on the right. If no correct definition is found, leave the term on the left.(problem 2.25 textbook, see page 41) Stoichiometry and Incomplete Reactions For production of penicillin (C16H18O4N2S) using Penicillium mold, glucose (C6H12O6) is used as a substrate and phenylacetic acid (C8H8O2) is added as a precursor. The stoichiometry for overall synthesis is: 1.67 C6H12O6 + 2NH3 + 0.5O2+ H2SO4 + C8H8O2 à C16H18O4N2S + 2CO2 + 9H2O What is the maximum theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose in g/g? When results from a particular penicillin fermentation were analyzed, it was found that 24% of the glucose had been used for growth, 70% for cell maintenance activities (such as membrane transport and macromolecule turnover) and only 6% for penicillin synthesis. Calculate the yield of penicillin from glucose in g/g under these conditions. Batch fermentation under the conditions described in part b) is carried out in a 100-liter Remember that only 6% of the glucose is used for penicillin synthesis. Initially, the tank is filled with nutrient medium…