Q1. In an adiabatic turbine steam enters at 45 m/s, 7 MPa and 500°C as shown in Figure Q1. The pressure and velocity of the steam at exit are 100 kPa and 75 m/s, respectivly. Considering power output of the turbile is 5 MW and isentropic efficiency is 77%, considering and stating the necessary assumptions determine, (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, (b) the temperature at the turbine exit, and (c) the rate of entropy generation during this process.
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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