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- €69. Integrated Concepts (a) A large electrical power facility produces 1600 MW of “waste heat.” which is dissipated to the environment in cooling towers by warming air flowing through the towers by 500C. What is the necessary flow rate of air in m3/s ? (b) Is your result consistent with the large cooling towers used by many large electrical power plants?In 1801, Humphry Davy rubbed together pieces of ice inside an icehouse. He made sure that nothing in the environment was at a higher temperature than the rubbed pieces. He observed the production of drops of liquid water. Make a table listing this and other experiments or processes to illustrate each of the following situations, (a) A system can absorb energy by heat, increase in internal energy, and increase in temperature, (b) A system can absorb energy by heat and increase in internal energy without an increase in temperature, (c) A system can absorb energy by heat without increasing in temperature or in internal energy, (d) A system can increase in internal energy and in temperature without absorbing energy by heat, (e) A system can increase in internal energy without absorbing energy by heat or increasing in temperature.Integrated Concepts (a) Suppose you start a workout on a Stairmaster, producing power at the same rate as climbing 116 stairs per minute. Assuming your mass is 76.0 kg and your efficiency is 20.0%, how long will it take for your body temperature to rise 1.00C if all other forms of heat transfer in and out of your body are balanced? (b) Is this consistent with your experience in getting warm while exercising?
- Thermography is a technique for measuring radiant heat and detecting variations in surface temperatures that may be medically, environmentally, or militarily meaningful.(a) What is the percent increase in the rate of heat transfer by radiation from a given area at a temperature of 34.0C compared with that at 33.0C, such as on a person’s skin? (b) What is the percent increase in the rate of heat transfer by radiation from a given area at a temperature of 34.0C compared with that at 20.0C, such as for warm and cool automobile hoods? Figure 14.35 Artist’s rendition of a thermograph of a patient’s upper body, showing the distribution of heat represented by different colors.The first law of thermodynamics and the conservation of energy, as discussed in Conservation of Energy, ale cleanly related. How do they differ in the types of energy considered?A 4ton air conditioner removes 5.60107J (48,000 British thermal units) from a cold environment in 1.00 h. (a) What energy input in joules is necessary to do this if the air conditioner has an energy efficiency rating (EER) of 12.0? (b) What is the cost of doing this if the work costs 10.0 cents per 3.60106J (one kilowatt—hour)? (c) Discuss whether this cost seems realistic. Note that the energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner or refrigerator is defined to be the number of British thermal units of heat transfer from a cold environment per hour divided by the watts of power input.
- . The temperature in the deep interiors of some giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way galaxy is 50 K. Compare the amount of energy that would have to be transferred to this environment to the amount that would have to transferred to a room temperature environment to bring about a 1.0 J/K increase in the entropy of the universe in each case.(a) A shirtless rider under a circus tent feels the heat radiating from the sunlit portion of the tent. Calculate the temperature of the tent canvas based on the following information: The shirtless rider’s skin temperature is 34.0C and has an emissivity of 0.970. The exposed area of skin is 0.400m2. He receives radiation at the rate of 20.0 W—half what you would calculate if the entire region behind him was hot. The rest of the surroundings are at 34.0C. (b) Discuss how this situation would change if the sun lit side of the tent was nearly pure white and if the rider was covered by a white tunic.Would you be willing to financially back an inventor who is marketing a device that she claims has 25 kJ of heat transfer at 600 K, has heat transfer to the environment at 300 K, and does 12 kJ of work? Explain your answer.
- When the metal ring and metal sphere in Figure CQ19.8 are both at room temperature, the sphere can barely be passed through the ring, (a) After the sphere is warmed in a flame, it cannot be passed through the ring. Explain, (b) What If? What if the ring is warmed and the sphere is left at room temperature? Does the sphere pass through the ring?When heat transfers into a system, is the energy stored as heat? Explain briefly.Unreasonable Results A meteorite 1.20 cm in diameter is so hot immediately after penetrating the atmosphere that it radiates 20.0 kW of power. (a) What is its temperature, if the surroundings are at 20.0C and it has an emissivity of 0.800? (b) What is unreasonable about this result? (c) Which premise or assumption is responsible?