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- In ICT infrastructure, which of the following statements is true about the use of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)? VoIP often uses UDP because it offers low latency and is better suited for real-time communication than TCP. VoIP can use both TCP and UDP interchangeably, depending on the type of communication and the devices involved. UDP is used in VoIP only when the network has low congestion, otherwise TCP is used to ensure data reliability. VoIP always uses TCP to ensure that voice data is transmitted reliably. UDP is not used in VoIP because it does not support real-time communication.Computer Science Given a scenario where there three routers R1, R2 and R3. R1 is connected to Switch1, then Switch1 is connected to R2 and then R2 is then connected to R3. Additionally, each router has a LAN of size 1100 each. A. How many sub-networks are required? B. How many host IP addresses do you require in total? i.e. The total number of hosts in all the subnets. C. Total of how many IP addresses would still be wasted if you used VLSM? Please answer all of these questions.Refer to the above topology, 6 subnets are required (i.e, three LANs and three WAN links) and the largest number of host is 50. Starting from the largest host group, efficiently distribute the IP addresses using variable length subnet masks to minimize loss of IPs. Calculate the following for each subnet using 192.168.10.0/24 address. - Subnet and broadcast addresses - Subnet mask Also assign the IPs for each interface of router from the given subnet address range
- In the figure, the communication link capacity between Router 1 and Router 2 is 3 Mbps. If a 2 Mbps Voice over IP traffic and a 1,5 Mbps HTTP traffic share this communication line, what will happen?8. Answer the questions below based on the given network topology: (a) How many collision domains are there? (b) How many broadcast domains are there? (c) What type of cable (straight-through or crossover) is required to connect PCO and Switch0? (d) What type of cable (straight-through or crossover) is required to connect two PCs? (e) If PCO wishes to discover the MAC address of PC1, which network protocol should be utilized?An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 150.80.0.0/14 . The ISP wants to distribute these blocks to customers as follows:A- the first group has 50 customers, each needs 1024 IP addresses. B- the second group has 4 customers, each needs 512 IP addressesC- the third group has 64 customers, each needs 16 IP addressesSo, Design all the subnets? And find the amount of available IPs after all allocations.
- Consider 2 small ISPs Y and Z and two large ISPs A and B. Y pays A (but not B) to connect it to the rest of the Internet, while Z pays B (but not A) for its connectivity If ISP A learns of a path to some prefix via ISP B and ISP Z, should it advertise that path to ISP Y? Why or why not?Answer the questions below with reference to Data Link Layer (max 250 words): i) A local Area Network (LAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol aims to achieve fair and efficient access to a LAN transmission medium. Characterise the distinction between authorisation based (“taking turns”) and contention based (random access) MAC layer protocols and discuss the suitability of each protocol in light traffic and heavy traffic networks in terms of fairness and efficiency of access. ii) In CSMA/CD, after the fifth collision, what is the probability that a node chooses k=4. The result k=4 corresponds to a delay of how many seconds on a 10Mbps Ethernet?Suppose you have the following network requirements, for Given an IP address and mask of 9.0.0.0/8, design an IP addressing scheme using VLSM? How is the efficiency of this method achieved? Use the topology in Figure to answer the questions. a. Network 1 needs to support 330 host addresses. b. Network 2 needs to support 62 host addresses. c. Network 3 needs to support 2 host addresses. d. Network 4 needs to support 520 host addresses. e. Network 5 needs to support 230 host addresses. f. Network 6 needs to support 62 host addresses. g. Network 7 needs to support 2 host addresses. h. Network 8 needs to support 2 host addresses.
- In Cisco Packet Tracer, I should have three routers (A, B, and C). B and C should be in a cluster; this cluster should have one IP address: 205.128.216.18. This whole cluster should connect to A, which should have an IP address of 172.167.5.8.How is the cost/metric of a route determined in OSPF. Then, let's say that for a packet to get to a destination, it passes over the following 5 networks: Gigabit LAN, 100 Meg connection to ISP, 10 Gigabit ISP network, 10 Megabit ISP connection at remote end, and Gigabit LAN. Calculate the cost of this total route.Imagine you are the network administrator of University X having ? campuses in Towson, Maryland. Youwant to build a connected network of servers (each server is either a regular or a routing one), one at each campus,and want to choose some of them to be the designated routing servers. A routing server will serve regular servers whoconnect directly to it via high speed cables, and every regular server must connect to at least one routing server. Yourgoal is to minimize the total length of high speed cable that you must purchase. Given the geographic locations ofthe ? campuses, design a plan that requires (1) the shortest length of cable and (2) the least number of routing servers.Analyze the time and space complexity of your procedure.