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Introduction: Energy is a quantity property that has the tendency to do work on any object, it is a…

Answered: Qu Check However, energy The law of…

Science

Physics

Qu Check However, energy The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or can be from one substance to another.

University Physics Volume 2

18th Edition

ISBN:9781938168161

Author:OpenStax

Publisher:OpenStax

Chapter1: Temperature And Heat

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 30CQ: Shown below is a cut-away drawing of a thermos bottle (also known as a Dewar flask), which is a...

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Satellites designed to observe the radiation from cold (3 K) dark space have sensors that are shaded from the Sun, Earth, and the Moon and are cooled to very low temperatures. Why must the sensors be at low temperature?
An astronaut performing an extra-vehicular activity (space walk) shaded from the Sun is wearing a spacesuit that can be approximated as perfectly white ( e=0 ) except for a 5 cm × 8 cm patch in the form of the astronaut's national flag. The patch has emissivity 0.300. The spacesuit under the patch is 0.500 cm thick, with a thermal conductivity k 0.0600 W/m , and its inner surface is at a temperature of 20.0 . What is the temperature of the patch, and what is the rate of heat loss through it? Assume the patch is so thin that its outer surface is at the same temperature as the outer surface of the spacesuit under it. Also assume the temperature of outer space is 0 K. You will get an equation that is very hand to solve in closed form, so can solve it numerically with a graphing calculator, with software, or even by trial and error with a calculator.
The goal in this problem is to find the growth of an ice layer as a function of time. Call the thickness of the ice layer L. (a) Derive an equation for dL/dt in terms of L , the temperature T above the ice, and the properties of ice (which can leave in symbolic form instead of substituting the numbers). (b) Solve this differential equation assuming that at t=0 , you have L=0 . If you have studied differential equations, you will know a technique for solving equations of this type: manipulate the equation to get dL/dt multiplied by a (very simple) function of L on one side, and integrate both sides with respect to time. Alternatively, you may be able to use your knowledge of the derivatives of various functions to guess the solution, which has a simple dependence on t. (c) Will the water eventually freeze to the bottom of the flask?
(a) What is the rate of heat conduction through the 3.00-cm-thick fur of a large animal having a I .40-m surface area? Assume that the animal's skin temperature is 32.0 , that the air temperature is 5.00 , and that has the same thermal conductivity as air. (b) What food intake will the animal need in one day to replace this heat transfer?
When watching a circus during the day in a large, dark-colored tent, you sense significant heat transfer from the tent. Explain why this occurs.
What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale? (a) 68.0 F, an indoor temperature sometimes recommended for energy conservation in winter (b) 134 F, one of the highest atmospheric temperatures ever recorded on Earth (Death Valley, California, 1913) (c) 9890 F, the temperature of the surface of the Sun
Shown below is a cut-away drawing of a thermos bottle (also known as a Dewar flask), which is a device designed specifically to slow down all forms of heat transfer. Explain the functions of the various parts, such as the vacuum, the silvering of the walls, the thin-walled long glass neck, the rubber support, the air layer, and the stopper.
A certain steel railroad rails 13 yd in length and weighs 70.0 lb/yd How much thermal energy is required to increase the length of such a rail by 3.0 mm? .Note: Assume the steel has the same specific heal as iron.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer What are the main methods of heat transfer from the hot core of Earth to its surface? From Earth's surface to outer space?
Let's stop ignoring the greenhouse effect and incorporate it into the previous problem in a very rough way. Assume the atmosphere is a single layer, a spherical shell around Earth, with an emissivity e 0.77 (chosen simply to give the light answer) at infrared wavelengths emitted by Earth and by the atmosphere. However, the atmosphere is transparent to the Sun's radiation (that is, assume the radiation is at visible wavelengths with no infrared), so the Sun's radiation leaches the surface. The greenhouse effect comes from the difference between the atmosphere transmission of visible light and its rather strong absorption of infrared. Note that the atmosphere's radius is not significantly different from Earth's, but since the atmosphere is a layer above Earth, it emits radiation both upward and downward, so it has twice Earth's area. There are three radiative energy transfers in this problem: solar radiation absorbed by Earth's surface; infrared radiation from the surface, which is absorbed by the atmosphere according to its emissivity; and infrared radiation from the atmosphere, half of which is absorbed by Earth and half of which goes out into space. Apply the method of the previous problem to get an equation for Earth 's surface and one for the atmosphere, and solve them for the two unknown temperatures, surface and atmosphere. a. In terms of Earth's radius, the constant , and the unknown temperature Ts of the surface, what is the power of the infrared radiation from the surface? b. What is the power of Earth 's radiation absorbed by the atmosphere? c. In terms of the unknown temperature Te of the atmosphere, what is the power radiated from the atmosphere? d. Write an equation that says the power of the radiation the atmosphere absorbs from Earth equals the of the radiation it emits. e. Half of the power radiated by the atmosphere hits Earth. Write an equation that says that the power Earth absorbs from the atmosphere and the Sun equals the power that it emits. f. Solve your two equations for the unknown temperature of Earth. For steps that make this model less crude, see for example (https://openstaxcollege.org/l/21paulgormlec) by Paul O'Gorrnan.
(a) The number of kilocalories in food is determined by calorimetry techniques in which the food is burned and the amount of heat transfer is measured. How many kilocalories per gram ale there in a 5.00-g peanut if the energy from burning it is transferred to 0. 500 kg of water held in a 0.100-kg aluminum cup, causing a 54.9- temperature increase? Assume the process takes place in an ideal calorimeter, in other words a perfectly insulated container. (b) Compare your answer to the following labeling information found on a package of dry roasted peanuts: a sewing of 33 g contains 200 calories. Comment on whether the values are consistent.
A giant, hot (323oC) sphere of copper is placed into the middle of Space where it radiates heat as a black body radiator. The sphere has a radius of 0.50 meters and a mass of 4660 kg. Assuming copper has emissity of 0.8, how long will it take for the giant ball of carbon to drop 2oC (Csp=0.385 J/g*C =385 kJ/Kg*C)