Question 1.2i). Give a brief description of the general environment in which each of the PNG’s Soil Order/Type is formed and found?ii). List the type of land use for each Soil Order/Type in PNG and briefly provide reason(s) for this?You will use the reference “Soils of Papua New Guinea by P. Bleeker, 1983” to answer part i) and ii). 3 EntisolsEntisols have no profile development with the possible exception of a thin,dark or light coloured A horizon. They are very young soils occurring mainlyon recently deposited alluvium, or are found in hilly or mountainous terrainwhere soil erosion has kept pace with soil formation.Entisols have five suborders, four of which have been identified in PapuaNew Guinea. Aquents are the wet Entisols which are characterised by stronggleying at or close to the surface. Long periods of high water tables causereduced conditions owing to a lack of oxygen, which is reflected in their greyand blue colours. Fluvents are basically the better drained counterparts of theAquents occurring on recently deposited river sediments. They are mostlyolive, olive brown, or brownish coloured (mostly in 2.5Y hues) and are welldrained although some indication of gleying and/or mottling below 50 cmdepth may be present. By definition the organic carbon content of the Fluventsdecreases irregularly with depth or remains above 0.2 per cent to a depth of125 cm. This is caused by stratification. Fluvents must have a texture finer thanloamy sand to distinguish them from the Psamments which are coarse texturedsoils occurring commonly along the coast on beach sands or, less commonly,further inland on coarse sedimentary deposits such as sandstone. Entisolsdeveloped primarily on recent erosional surfaces are called Orthents. They arevery common in mountainous terrain having slopes of more than 30°, butmay also be found on alluvial deposits.SULFAQUENTSMorphologyBecause these soils only become strongly acidified upon aeration, they havenever been positively identified in Papua New Guinea. Nevertheless they canbe expected to occur extensively in natural conditions in coastal areas onmarine and estuarine deposits, which have specific type(s) of mangrovevegetation (Plates 3.1 and 3.2). Sulfaquents are continuously waterlogged soils,consisting of thick mostly silt or clay rich sedimentary layers with a highcontent of finely dispersed organic matter commonly intermixed with thinorganic layers. They have a neutral to alkaline soil reaction. Upon drying, Table 2.1Great soil groups identified in Papua New Guinea, their distributionand correlation with previously named soil groupsOrderEntisolsSuborderAquentsOrthentsPsammaquents CommonPsamments Tropopsamments CommonHistosols FolistsHemistsFluvents Tropofluvents CommonFibristsGreat groupSulfaquentsHydraquentsSapristsInceptisols AqueptsAndeptsTroporthentsCryorthentsUstorthentsFluvaquents/Alluvial soils; YoungTropaquents Very common alluvial soils; Recentalluvial soils.CryofolistsCryohemistsTropohemistsDistributionVery commonVery commonHalaqueptsCryaqueptsAndaqueptsTropaqueptsCryofibristsTropofibristsCommonTroposaprists CommonHydrandeptsDurandeptsVery commonVery localVery localVery localVery localCommonVery localVery localVery localLocalCommonMajor previouslynamed soil groupSaline peats andmuds; Mangrove soils.Local?Young alluvial soils;Very poorly drainedalluvial soils.Recent alluvial soils.(coarse textured)Beach soils.Young alluvial soils;Recent alluvial soils.Lithosols; Skeletalsoils; Slope soils;Colluvial soils.Alpine peat andhumus soils.Peaty soils; Organicsoils.Alpine peat andhumus soils.Peaty soils; Organicsoils.Skeletal soils; Peatysoils.Humic olive ash soils;Unweathered sandyvolcanic soils withblack topsoils.Gleyed plastic heavyclay soils; Meadowsoils; Dark soils ofheavy texture.Very common Humic brown claysoils (on volcanic ash).

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Question 1.2 i). Give a brief description of the general environment in which each of the PNG’s Soil Order/Type is formed and found? ii). List the type of land use for each Soil Order/Type in PNG and briefly provide reason(s) for this?