QUESTION 10 Can a woman with blood type A have a child with blood type O with a man who is AB? O Yes, because of codominance between the A and /B alleles. No, because a man with rpe AB blood could not contribute an i allele. Yes, because of epistasis between the I and the H genes. No, because the child's genotype must be ii.
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- Spherocytosis is an inherited blood disease in which erythrocytes (red blood cells) are spherical instead of biconcave. This condition is inherited in a dominant fashion, with ANK1 (the nonfunctional mutant allele) dominant to ANK1+. In people with spherocytosis, the spleen recognizes the spherical red blood cells as defective and removes them from the bloodstream, leading to anemia; this removal occurs with different efficiency in different people. Some people with spherical erythrocytes suffer severe anemia, some have mild anemia, and others do not have any symptoms of anemia. When 2400 people with the genotype ANK1/ANK1+ were examined, it was found that all of them had spherical erythrocytes, 2250 had anemia of varying severity, and 150 had no anemia symptoms. The ANK1/ANK1 genotype is never observed. Which evidence suggests that spherocytosis is incompletely penetrant?The Mic2 gene in humans is present on both the X and Y chromosome. Let’s suppose the Mic2 gene exists in a dominant Mic2 allele, which results in normal surface antigen production, and arecessive mic2 allele, which results in defective surface antigenproduction. Using molecular techniques, it is possible to distinguish homozygous and heterozygous individuals. By followingthe transmission of the Mic2 and mic2 alleles in a large human pedigree, would it be possible to distinguish between pseudoautosomalinheritance and autosomal inheritance? Explain your answerA 30 - year - old woman was undergoing therapy for b-thalassemia,a recessive trait caused by absence of or reduced synthesis ofthe hemoglobin b chain, a subunit of the oxygen-carrying moleculein red blood cells. In this condition, red blood cells are rapidlydestroyed, freeing a large amount of iron, which is deposited in tissuesand organs. The blood transfusions the patient had received every twoor three weeks since the age of 7 to stave off anemia were furtheraggravating iron buildup. Her major organs were showing damage, andshe was in danger of death from cardiac disease. Her physician suggestedthat she consider undergoing a hematopoietic (bone marrow)stem cell transplant (HSCT). Since these stem cells give rise to redblood cells, such a transplant could potentially restore her health. Whilethis might seem like an easy decision, it is not. Advanced cases havea high risk (almost 30 percent) for transplantation-related death. At thispoint, the woman is faced with a difficult and…
- A 30 - year - old woman was undergoing therapy for b-thalassemia,a recessive trait caused by absence of or reduced synthesis ofthe hemoglobin b chain, a subunit of the oxygen-carrying moleculein red blood cells. In this condition, red blood cells are rapidlydestroyed, freeing a large amount of iron, which is deposited in tissuesand organs. The blood transfusions the patient had received every twoor three weeks since the age of 7 to stave off anemia were furtheraggravating iron buildup. Her major organs were showing damage, andshe was in danger of death from cardiac disease. Her physician suggestedthat she consider undergoing a hematopoietic (bone marrow)stem cell transplant (HSCT). Since these stem cells give rise to redblood cells, such a transplant could potentially restore her health. Whilethis might seem like an easy decision, it is not. Advanced cases havea high risk (almost 30 percent) for transplantation-related death. At thispoint, the woman is faced with a difficult and…Explain how expression of a dominant-negative mutant of JAK blocks the erythropoietin (Epo)-cytokine signaling pathway.Describe how the Bombay phenotype is epistatic to the ABO blood phenotype in humans, and discuss some implications of this phenotype in blood typing and blood donation.
- The phenomenon of allelic exclusion ensures that B cells a. use only one V, D, and J segment during somatic recombination b. express only one type of heavy chain and one type of light chain c. do not undergo alternative splicing until cell proliferation commences d. do not secrete antibody until antigen is encountered e. carry out affinity maturation directed at heavy chains and not light chains f. derived from B-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous.Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism in humans. It is caused by a mutant allele of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene ( FGFR3) that produces an overactive protein. Having one copy of the mutant allele results in dwarfism. Two copies of the mutant allele results in death before birth. If a man with Achondroplasia marries a woman who is Sickle Cell Anemia carrier and they have a child together, what is the probability that their child will Achondroplasia AND be a Sickle Cell Anemia carrier? ½ 2/3 ¼ 1 ½ 1/16Explain the ABO blood system as an example of multiple alleles and codominance; be sure to discuss blood phenotype as an expression of surface proteins, “markers” on the red blood cells
- The ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the IA,IB and i alleles. The IAallele encodes the A blood group antigen, IB encodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to 0. If a heterozygous blood type A parent (IAi) and a heterozygous blood type B parent (IBi) mate, one quarter of their offspring are expected to have the AB blood type IAIBin which both arnigens are expressed equally. Therefore, ABO blood groups are an example of: a. multiple alleles and incomplete dominance b. codominance and incomplete dominance c. incomplete dominance only d. multiple alleles and codominanceThe ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the IAlB, and IAalleles. The allele encodes the A blood group antigen, lBencodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to O. If a heterozygous blood type A parent (IAi) and a heterozygous blood type B parent (IBi) mate, one quarter of their offspring will have AB blood type (IAIB) in which both antigens are expressed equally. Therefore, ABO blood groups are an example of: multiple alleles and incomplete dominance codominance and incomplete dominance incomplete dominance only multiple alleles and codominanceFig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…