The phenomenon of allelic exclusion ensures that B cells a. use only one V, D, and J segment during somatic recombination b. express only one type of heavy chain and one type of light chain c. do not undergo alternative splicing until cell proliferation commences d. do not secrete antibody until antigen is encountered e. carry out affinity maturation directed at heavy chains and not light chains f. derived from B-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous.
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The phenomenon of allelic exclusion ensures that B cells |
a. use only one V, D, and J segment during somatic recombination |
b. express only one type of heavy chain and one type of light chain |
c. do not undergo alternative splicing until cell proliferation commences |
d. do not secrete antibody until antigen is encountered |
e. carry out affinity maturation directed at heavy chains and not light chains |
f. derived from B-cell lymphomas are heterogeneous. |
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- Which of the following events is not associated with the establishment of allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin heavychain loci? a. active transcription of RAG1 and RAG2 b. degradation of RAG proteins c. expression of only one productively rearranged heavychain locus d. remodeling of chromatin structure of heavy-chain locus so that it resists gene rearrangement e. formation of a functional pre-B-cell receptor.Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call “X”. A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person’s blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is “positive.” Why would X antibodies be present in someone’s blood? What specific kind of cells would produce them?Spherocytosis is an inherited blood disease in whichthe erythrocytes (red blood cells) are spherical insteadof biconcave. This condition can be inherited in adominant fashion, with ANK1 (the nonfunctional mutant allele) dominant to ANK1+. In people with spherocytosis, the spleen recognizes the spherical redblood cells as defective and removes them from thebloodstream, leading to anemia. The spleen in different people removes the spherical erythrocytes withdifferent efficiencies. Some people with sphericalerythrocytes suffer severe anemia and some mild anemia, yet others have spleens that function so poorly nosymptoms of anemia exist at all. When 2400 peoplewith the genotype ANK1 ANK1+ were examined, itwas found that all of them had spherical erythrocytes,2250 had anemia of varying severity, and 150 had nosymptoms. (Assume that ANK1 ANK1 homozygotesdo not exist.)a. Does this description of people with spherocytosisrepresent incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity, or both? Explain…
- You have a patient who has been injured by a rusty nail. As a precaution, you vaccinate her against tetanus. In response to the vaccine, how does her body produce antibodies against C. tetani and prevent future illness due to tetanus? A)B cells that produce an appropriate antibody undergo genomic rearrangement in order to produce other cells that secrete the same antibody. B)Every cell in her immune system produces antibodies against C. tetani. C)B cells with an appropriate antibody are stimulated to divide, producing plasma cells that make antibodies to C. tetani, and memory cells that "remember" C. tetani. D)Every B cell in her body produces antibodies against C. tetani.SYstemic Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that target the person's own DNA. The DNA must be outside of the person's cell , in plasma and/ or interstitial space,in order antivodies to bind it. Immune resposes are thoght to be part of the cause of this aspect of lupus. Of the following which is moast likely to allow the preon's DNA to be exposed otside of cells? A, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B, Inflammation C, Complement Membrane Attack Complex D, Interferons E,Neutrophil Extracellular TrapsHyper-IgE syndrome, also known as Job’s syndrome, is an immunodeficiency disease resulting from the lack of function of a single gene (gene ‘X’). Patients with this disease are highly susceptible to infections with extracellular bacteria and fungi, most frequently including Staphylococcus aureus infections and Candida albicans infections in the skin. Analysis of the various immune cell compartments indicates that these patients have normal numbers of each cell lineage (i.e., CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, granulocytes, etc.), and normal levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies, but higher than normal levels of IgE. Given this information, name a likely component of the immune response that could be impaired in these patients.
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- Which of the following is an example of codominance? Select ALL that apply. A.RR and Rr seeds are round, whereas rr seeds are wrinkled. B. Rr seeds contain 50% as much starch as RR seeds. C. CRCR individuals produce red flowers, CWCW individuals produce white flowers, and heterozygotes (CRCW) produce pink flowers. D. IAIB individuals produce both the A and the B antigens. E. IAi individuals produce the A antigen.Formation of coding joint during recombination event in the lymphocytes brings extra variability.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement.