QUESTION 8 An alternative way to prepare aspirin (an ester) is to react acetic acid (a carboxylic acid) with salicylic acid (an alcohol), in the presence of H 3PO 4. This reaction is shown at the top of the diagram below. In addition to aspirin, water forms as a product. The water is formed from the portions of the reactant molecules that are enclosed in the box in the diagram. One of the aspects of organic chemistry that makes it incredibly useful is the fact that the reactions characteristic of each functional group will happen with ANY molecule that contains that functional group! ANY carboxylic acid can react with ANY alcohol (in the presence of an inorganic acid like H 3PO 4) to yield an ester. Ethyl butyrate is an ester that has the odor of pineapples (it is often used as "artificial" pineapple flavoring in candy). It can be prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of acid. What is the structure of the carboxylic acid that must be involved in the synthesis of ethyl butyrate? H₂C carboxylic acid ??? FOH + HO (Question 8) CH3CH₂CH₂ OH HO CH3CH₂ OH CH3CH₂OH CH3CH₂CH₂OH H alcohol ??? (Question 9) H H₂PO4 acid HO O=C CH3 H ester H C-H + H₂O CH3CH₂CH₂ OCH₂CH3 Ethyl butyrate (pineapple odor)

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Q: H H // H H Chair 1 H Cl chair flip Answer Bank H Br H H H Chair 2 H H H

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Q: Problem 2.16 Which hydrogen in each molecule is most acidic? a. b. HO. OH NH₂ d. N NH₂ NH₂ OH CI OH

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Mole Concept

Mole concept is a method to determine the amount of any substance that consists of some elemental particles using a grouping unit called ‘mole’. The mole concept enables one to handle the large amount of small elementary particles. The mole concept can be used in many calculations related to mole calculation, molar amount, mole ratio, and so on, which are significant in chemistry.