6. Find a counterexample, if possible, to these universally quantified state- ments, where the domain for all variables consists of all real numbers. Otherwise, state that no counterexample exists (a) VxVy(y = x→y² ≤ x¯¥) (b) Vyz(x = y²) (c) VxVy((y ≤x) → (x¹7 > y) V (y < 0))
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- 1. Consider an impulse response h[n] such that h[n] = 0 for n < 0 and n > M, and h[n] =−h[M − n] for 0 ≤ n ≤ M where M is an odd integer.a) Express the Fourier transform of h[n] in the formH(ejω) = ejf(ω)A(ω) ,where f(ω) and A(ω) are real-valued functions of ω. Determine f(ω) and A(ω).b) Provide an example of such an impulse response h[n] for M = 7 and find the corresponding f(ω) and A(ω).Prove the following proposition to be a tautology by constructing a proof for the following theorem within the system of sentential logic: ~(P ≡ Q) ⊃ (P ≡ ~Q)For each of the following Boolean properties of theorems, state the set theory interpretation: E) x * x = xF) x + x = x G) x * 0 = 0
- (3a) Compute the stability function S of the Rosenbrock method (108), that is, compute the (rational) function S(z), such that y1 = S(z)y0, z ∶= hλ, when we apply the method to perform one step of size h, starting from y0, of the linear scalar model ODE y˙ = λy, λ ∈ CA. 3-SAT to Hamiltonian CycleReduce 3-CNF Satisfiability problem to an instance of Hamiltonian Cycle problem in polynomial time.Note: Variables in red color are negated.1. Given: Variables: X1, X2, X3 Clause: (X1 v ¬X2 v X3) Ʌ (¬X1 v ¬X2 v ¬X3)2. Given: Variables: X1, X2, X3 Clause: (X1 ∨ X2 ∨ X3) ∧ (¬X1 ∨ ¬X2 ∨ ¬X3) ∧ (¬X1 ∨ X2 ∨ ¬X3)we know that the DFA is equivalent with NFA and regular expression (RE). For the problem to determine whether a given DFA and RE are the same, C = {<D, R> | D is a DFA and R is a RE that L(D) = L (R)}, please prove that C is decidable.
- Write a Hilbert proof for the following theorem schema ⊢((p→q)∨(p∧(¬q)))Determine if the following formula is a tautology, contradiction, or neither. Show work. (p∧q)⟷(¬p∨¬q)Electromagnetic Pulse propagating at oblique angle to a dielectric interface Consider a gaussian wave pulse propagating along the z-axis from region 1 with refractive index n1 and onto a dielectric interface y = m z (for all x). To the left of this dielectric interface, the refractive index is n2. Devise an initial value computer algorithm to determine the time evolution of the reflected and transmitted electromagnetic fields for this pulse. e.g., n1 = 1 , n2 = 2 initial profile (t = 0, with z0 < 0) Ex = E0 exp[-a (z-z0)^2] By = n1 * Ex Choose parameters so that the pulse width is at least a fact of 8 less than the z- domain of integration ( -L < z < L). For the slope of the interface, one could choose m = 1.
- Consider the classical synchronization problem of dining philosophers in which, n philosophers sit at a round table with one chop stick between each philosopher (chop stick on the right hand belong to each philosopher). Philosophers do one work at a time i.e. either are thinking or eating. To eat, they need to have two chop sticks such that the chopsticks to their left and their right. a. Provide an algorithm using Test-and-Set logic (disabling interrupts) to solves the diningphilosopher problem. b. Show the steps of the solution validatingi) Mutual exclusion, ii) Progress, iii) Must be viable for any number of philosophers and ensure that none of them starves to death.Simplify the following Boolean functions, using three-variable k-maps: a. F (x,y,z) = Σ(2,3,4,5) b. F (x,y,z) = Σ(0,2,4,6) c. F (x,y,z) = Σ(1,2,3,6,7) d. F (x,y,z) = Σ(1,2,3,5,6,7) e. F (x,y,z) = Σ(3,4,5,6,7)Show that ( X→ Y ) ∨ ( Y →X) is a tautology.