retend that you ascribe to the Classical theory of economics. a) Using the equation of exchange, if the money supply is $8 trillion, the price level is 4, and the level of output (real GDP) is $15 trillion, then the velocity of money is equal to? b) If you double the money supply, what is the most likely long-run effect on the price level and rea GDP? c) What do classical economists believe about the government, central bank, fiscal policy, and monetary policy? What reasons do they provide for their thinking?
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- Please no written by hand solution Consider a scenario of a closed economy in the short run where price level is fixed. Assume that bothtaxes and money supply increase in a way that keep output constant in equilibrium (suppose that themarginal propensity to consume is less than one). Which of the following may result from the policychange?a) It will lead to an increase in investment but a decrease in consumption.b) It will result in an increase in investment but a decrease in government spending.c) It will lead to an increase in investment and private saving.d) It will decrease investment but increase in public saving.Suppose in the real business cycle model that there is a simultaneous temporary increase inboth current government spending and in the current money supply. Draw diagrams for thelabour, goods and money market, and the production function. Determine the equilibriumeffects of these two shocks occurring simultaneously on employment, output, consumption,investment, money, real wages, the real interest rate, and the price level. Provide a detailedeconomic analysis explaining your results with the aid of the diagrams.Suppose that the money demand function is(M/P)d = 1,000 - 100r, where r is the interest rate in percent. Themoney supply M is 1,000 and the price level Pis 2.a. Graph the supply and demand for real moneybalances.b. What is the equilibrium interest rate?c. Assume that the price level is fixed. Whathappens to the equilibrium interest rate if thesupply of money is raised from 1,000 to 1,200?d. If the Fed wishes to raise the interest rate to7 percent, what money supply should it set?
- The Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve (AS) is given by: y=20pAnd the Short-Run Aggregate Demand Curve (AD) is given by: y=25,000−20p Suppose instead that the Central Bank wanted to take action to keep the price-level completely stable. This would entail keeping it constant at its current rate. Suppose also that the Central Bank targets the interest rate directly. Suppose also that: • The Marginal Propensity to Spend is 0.75. • Every 1% increase in the interest rate leads to a decrease in Autonomous Consumption of 250 and a decrease in Autonomous Investment of 250. How much would the Central Bank need to change the current interest rate in order to keep the price level from changing through the medium-term as this output gap closes in the economy?On June 5, 2003, the European Central Bank acted to decreasethe short-term interest rate in Europe by half a percentagepoint, to 2 percent. The bank’s president at the time, WillemDuisenberg, suggested that, in the future, the bank could reducerates further. The rate cut was made because European coun-tries were growing very slowly or were in recession. What effectdid the bank hope the action would have on the economy? Bespecific. What was the hoped-for result on C, I, and Y?Now, consider an economy in which the demand for money is of the formY(1 + it)for t = 0, 1, 2, · · · , where output is 150 and it denotes the nominal interest rate inperiod t. The REAL INTEREST RATE, denoted r, is constant and equal to 4%. In period0 and 1, the money supply is 100 and people expect that money supply wouldbe 100 forever. People have rational expectations. In period 2, the central banksurprises people and sets the money supply will grow at 2 percent forever, that is,M0 = 100, M1 = 100, M2 = (1.02)M1, M3 = (1.02)M2, and so on. A. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 1,and expected inflation in period 2, given the information available in period1, π1, i1,M1 / P1, and, E1π2. B. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 2,and expected inflation in period 3, given the information available in period 2. (π2, i2, M2 / P2 and E2π3.) C. Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, and real money…
- Now, consider an economy in which the demand for money is of the formY / (1 + it) for t = 0, 1, 2, · · · , where output is 150 and it denotes the nominal interest rate inperiod t. The real interest rate, denoted r, is constant and equal to 4%. In period0 and 1, the money supply is 100 and people expect that money supply wouldbe 100 forever. People have rational expectations. In period 2, the central banksurprises people and sets the money supply will grow at 2 percent forever, that is,M0 = 100, M1 = 100, M2 = (1.02)M1, M3 = (1.02)M2, and so on. A . Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 1,and expected inflation in period 2, given the information available in period1, π1, i1, M1 / P1 and, E1π2. B . Find the inflation rate, nominal interest rate, real money balance in period 2, and expected inflation in period 3, given the information available in period 2, π2, i2, M2 / P2 and E2π3. C . Compare E1π2 and π2.1. Assume that a country’s economy is in a short-run equilibrium and the actual unemployment rate is lower thanthe natural rate of unemployment.(a) Using a correctly labeled graph of the long-run aggregate supply curve, short-run aggregate supply curve,and aggregate demand curve, show each of the following.(i) Current price level, labeled PL1, and current output level, labeled (b) What open-market operation can the country’s central bank use to move the economy toward its long-runequilibrium?(c) Use a correctly labeled money-market graph to show how the country’s central bank action to move theeconomy toward its long-run equilibrium affects the equilibrium nominal interest rate in the short run.(d) Based on the interest rate change from part (c), will each of the following increase, decrease, or remain thesame in the short run?(i) Real output. Explain.(e) Assume instead that the central bank does not pursue the monetary policy action from part (b) and there wasno other government…Suppose that the Fed sets the interest rate and adjusts the money supply accordingly (i.e., horizontal LM curve) and the economy is in recession. (a) In this part, suppose also that private business investment spending depends only on sales expectations. What kind of policy mix would be able to increase output? Why? Explain. [Hint: Begin with showing the implications of assumptions first.] (b) In this part, suppose also that private business investment spending depends on both sales expectations and the rate of interest. How would your answer in part (a) change? What if the interest rate is already equal to zero (i.e., the zero lower bound). What kind of policy mix would be able to increase output? Why? Explain.
- . Assume that the monetary policy curve is given byr = 1.5 + 0.75p.a. Calculate the real interest rate when the inflation rateis 2%, 3%, and 4%.b. Draw a graph of the MP curve, labeling the pointsfrom part (a).c. Assume now that the monetary policy curve is givenby r = 2.5 + 0.75p. Does the new monetary policycurve represent an autonomous tightening or loosening of monetary policy?d. Calculate the real interest rate when the inflation rateis 2%, 3%, and 4%, and draw the new MP curve,showing the shift from part (b).How does high inflation lead to a recession in the country? Explain the role ofthe Government and the Central Bank to address the economic recessionproblem by using appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. Are there anypotential problems with such policies? The answer needs to include graphs for fiscal and monetary policies and inflation and recession. Needs talking about circular flow of income and aggregate supply and demandHow does high inflation lead to a recession in the country? Explain the role ofthe Government and the Central Bank to address the economic recessionproblem by using appropriate fiscal and monetary policies. Are there anypotential problems with such policies? Please answer in detail