rious systems and end with humans), what is the advantage to sexual reproduction as a part of our life cycle (many animals reproduce asexually), what are the challenges that folks inherit or develop as they age including, but not limited to cancer. This is like a stroll through the life cycle of humans.
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- As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Based on what is known about the test results in this case and the hypothetical tests in the first case, do you think the outcome in each case was fair?Figure 43.8 Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false? The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the penis. Sperm mature in seminiferous tubules in the testes. Both the prostate and the bulbourethral glands produce components of the semen. The prostate gland is located in the testes.As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/vasectomy) to learn about vasectomy. As described in this video, a vasectomy is a procedure in which a small section of the ductus (vas) deferens is removed from the scrotum. This interrupts the path taken by sperm through the ductus deferens. If sperm do not exit through the vas, either because the man has had a vasectomy or has not ejaculated, in what region of the testis do they remain?In order for sexual intercourse to produce a pregnancy, both partners must experience _____. a. orgasm b. ejaculation c. affection d. none of the aboveHi! The quote-en-quotes are only there for reference since this will be a reposted question, the question will be right below. Thanks!"Hi! My topic is about The Female Reproductive System and The Menstrual Cycle, please use this as reference when answering, thanks!"- What are the contraceptive measures used for family planning?""- What are the different method available for such contraceptive measures?""- How reliable are they and what are their pros and cons?"QUESTION:- In informing couples about the information above (contraceptive measures used for family planning), what are some keys to accomplishing influencing them as a leader of a neighborhood?- Now, what do you think are the factors that will hinder the influence in believing the information you'll provide?
- Fertilization does not take place in a moment of passion. It occurs four to five days later. Maybe in the library, or while taking a shower, but not necessarily in the bedroom. Is there any truth to this statement? Defend your answer.Isabella, 28, and Omar, 30, have been together for three years. A year ago, they decided they wanted to have a baby, and they stopped using birth control. At first, they did not pay attention to the timing of their sexual activity in relation to Isabella’s menstrual cycle, but after six months passed without Isabella becoming pregnant, they decided to try to maximize their efforts. They knew that in order for a woman to become pregnant, the man’s sperm must encounter the woman’s egg, which is typically released once a month through a process called ovulation. They had also heard that for the average woman, ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. To maximize their chances of conception, they tried to have sexual intercourse on day 14 of Isabella’s menstrual cycle each month. After several months of trying this method, Isabella is still not pregnant. She is concerned that she may not be ovulating on a regular basis because her menstrual cycles are irregular and often…T or F: The glans penis and the clitoris are always covered by a prepuce. The ovaries and the uterus are the primary female sex organs. Ejaculation is the discharge of semen from the erect penis. The labia minora of the female genitalia are homologous to the body of the penis Meiosis is unique to the gonads. Sympathetic stimulation of the arteries within the penis causes engorgement of the erectile tissue as arterial flow increases and venous drainage decreases. Mammary glands are modified sudoriferous glands. Prolactin causes the breasts to enlarge and the mammary glands to mature during puberty. Secretions from the vestibular glands moisten and lubricate the vaginal orifice during sexual arousal. 20. The secretory phase of menstruation is from the time of ovulation until the start of the menstrual phase.
- Which of the following will not continue to occur in a male that has had a vasectomy? 1. Mitosis of diploid progenitor cells 2. Sperm production in the seminiferous tubules 3. Sperm ejaculated from the penis during orgasm 4. Normal prostate gland functioning 5. Secretions from the bulbourethral gland ejaculated from the penis during orgasmIsabella, 28, andOmar, 30, have been together for three years. A year ago, they decided they wanted to have a baby, and they stopped using birth control. At first, they did not pay attention to the timing of their sexual activity in relation to Isabella’s menstrual cycle, but after six months passed without Isabella becoming pregnant, they decided to try to maximize their efforts. They knew that in order for a woman to become pregnant, the man’s sperm must encounter the woman’s egg, which is typically released once a month through a process called ovulation. They had also heard that for the average woman, ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. To maximize their chances of conception, they tried to have sexual intercourse on day 14 of Isabella’s menstrual cycle each month. After several months of trying this method, Isabella is still not pregnant. She is concerned that she may not be ovulating on a regular basis because her menstrual cycles are irregular and often…Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/vasectomy) to learn about vasectomy. As described in thisvideo, a vasectomy is a procedure in which a small sectionof the ductus (vas) deferens is removed from the scrotum.This interrupts the path taken by sperm through the ductusdeferens. If sperm do not exit through the vas, eitherbecause the man has had a vasectomy or has not ejaculated,in what region of the testis do they remain?
