Suppose a hospital is considering a new high- risk operation and is interested in the number of patients that had a successful operation. We denote that quantity by X and we assume that X~Bin(n,0), where 0 is the risk of failure of the operation. From knowledge available from other hospitals, we assign a prior distribution on 0 and more specifically, 0-Beta(3,27). After operating on n = 10 patients, the hospital recorded 0 failures. What is the probability that there are 2 or more failures in the next 20 operations? Choose the number that is as close as possible to your result. Hint: infer the posterior predictive distribution and evaluate .
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- The sum of the values obtained in a random sampleof size n = 5 is to be used to test the null hypothesisthat on the average there are more than two accidents perweek at a certain intersection (that λ > 2 for this Poissonpopulation) against the alternative hypothesis that on theaverage the number of accidents is two or less. If the nullhypothesis is to be rejected if and only if the sum of theobservations is five or less, find(a) the probabilities of type I errors when λ = 2.2, 2.4, 2.6,2.8, and 3.0;(b) the probabilities of type II errors when λ = 2.0, 1.5,1.0, and 0.5.Also, plot the graph of the power function of this testcriterion.Suppose that the number of new cases of a medical condition observed each week can be modelled using a negative binomial distribution with parameters q and r, q is unknown, while r is known. We observe n weeks’ worth of data, and the number of cases each week was y1, . . . , yn. (a) Show that a beta distribution provides a conjugate prior distribution for q, and find the posterior distribution with such a prior. The column in the exercise 2 dataset labelled y, contains the observed data y1, . . . , yn. Assume that r is equal to 3. (b) With a uniform prior distribution for q on the interval [0, 1], what is the posterior distribution for q (including the numerical value of the parameters)? (c) What is the posterior mean? (d) Use R to find the posterior median and a 95% credible interval for q.The rate of infection from COVID-19 is 1 individual in 100,000 inhabitants per month. Assuming a Poisson distribution for the number of infected individuals, a) What is the probability that in a city of 400,000 inhabitants there will be 8 or more infected individuals in a given month? b) What is the probability that there will be at least 2 months during the year that will have 8 or more infected individuals? (To 2 decimals, the answer is )
- The control department of a light bulb manufacturer randomly picks 4400 light bulbs from the production lot every week. The records show that, when there is no malfunction, the defect rate in the manufacturing process (due to imperfections in the material used) is 1%. When 1.25% or more of the light bulbs in the sample of 4400 are defective, the control unit calls repair technicians for service.Compute an approximation for ?(?̂≥ 0.0125), which is the probability that the service technicians will be called even though the system is functioning properly. Round your answer to four decimal places.A women leaves for work between 8 AM and 8:30AM and takes between 40 and 50 minutes toget there. Let the random variable X denote her time of departure, and the random variable Y thetravel time. Assuming that these variables are independent and uniformly distributed, find theprobability that the women arrives at work before 9 AMSuppose that the number of new cases of a medical condition observed each week can be modelled using a negative binomial distribution with parameters q and r. q is unknown, while r is known. We observe n weeks’ worth of data, and the number of cases each week was y1, . . . , yn. Show that a beta distribution provides a conjugate prior distribution for q, andfind the posterior distribution with such a prior.
- Suppose that40%of the applicants for a certain job possess advanced training in computerprogramming. Applicants are interviewed sequntially and are selected at random from the pool. Find theprobability that the 4th applicant with advanced training in programming is found on the 8th interview.To answer this question, first identify the random variable, its distribution and the parameter(s) of the distribution.Suppose that the time, in hours, required to repair a heat pump is a random variable X having a gamma distribution with parameters α=2 and β=12. What is the probability that on the next service call. The probability at most 2 hours will be required is?, and The probability at least 4 hours will be required is?A company has 9000 arrivals of Internet traffic over a period of 18,050 thousandths of a minute. Let the random variable x represent the number of such Internet traffic arrivals in one thousandth of a minute. It appears that these Internet arrivals have a Poisson distribution. If we want to use the formula P(x)= (μ^x • e^−μ) / x! to find the probability of exactly 2 arrivals in one thousandth of a minute, what are the values of μ, x, and e that would be used in that formula?
- A company has 9000 arrivals of Internet traffic over a period of 20,740 thousandths of a minute. Let the random variable x represent the number of such Internet traffic arrivals in one thousandth of a minute. It appears that these Internet arrivals have a Poisson distribution. If we want to use the formula P(x)=μx•e−μx! to find the probability of exactly 3 arrivals in one thousandth of a minute, what are the values of μ, x, and e that would be used in that formula?Suppose the random variable y is a function of several independent random variables, say x1,x2,...,xn. On first order approximation, which of the following is TRUE in general?On the island of Lilliput, a sample random sample of 500 people reveals that 450 of them prefer to open their egg on the small end. On the island of Blefuscu, a sample random sample of 1000 people reveals that 885 of them prefer to open their egg on the small end. 1. Assuming that Lilliputians and Blefuscuans are equally likely to open their egg on the small end, what is the probability of selecting samples of these sizes with the sample proportion being as much higher for Lilliputians as it was for our samples (i.e., one-sided p-value, to four decimal places) 2. The above p-value comes from a test-statistic of z= 3. Assuming that Lilliputians and Blefuscuans are equally likely to open their egg on the small end, what is the probability of selecting samples of these two sizes with sample proportions as different as ours were (two-sided p-value, to four decimal places):