Suppose that consumer utility is given by U₁ = v₁ - p + an common sensitivity to network effects Suppose that platform has zero costs where u, U[0, 1]- a uniformly distributed consumer valuation, a and 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 is the number of consumers joining the platform. of serving consumers. Assume that consumers' outside option is 0. Now consumers simultaneously decide whether to join the platform... 1. Show that both full participation and zero participation equilibria can co-exist only if a > p > 1. 2. Show that interior, i.e. partial participation, equilibrium can only exist if a < 1. What is the price in this equilibrium?
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- Consider the following coordination game: Player 2P1 Comedy Show Concert Comedy Show 11,5 0,0 Concert 0,0 2,2 a. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) for this game.b. Now assume Player 1 and Player 2 have distributional preferences. Specifically, both people greatly care about the utility of the other person. In fact, they place equal weight on their outcome and the other person’soutcome, ρ = σ = ½. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) with these utilitarianpreferences.c. Now consider the case where Player1 and Player2 do not like each other. Specifically, any positive outcome for the other person is viewed as anegative outcome for the individual, ρ = σ = -1. Find the Nashequilibrium(s) with these envious preferences.Suppose that you have two opportunities to invest $1M. The first will increase the amount invested by 50% with a probability of 0.6 or decrease it with a probability of 0.4. The second will increase it by 5% for certain. You wish to split the $1M between the two opportunities. Let x be the amount invested in the first opportunity with (1-x) invested in the second. Find the optimal value of x. Using expected value as the criterion (linear utility) Using the flowing utility function: u(x)=2.3 ln〖(1+4.5x)Consider the choice between the following two lotteries.L1 = (0, 0.2; 200, 0.8) ;L2 = (0, 0.6; 300, 0.4).Now consider a choice between another pair of lotteriesL3 = (0, 0.6; 200, 0.4) ;L4 = (0, 0.8; 300, 0.2)Suppose that a decision maker prefers the lottery L1 to the lottery L2 andderives zero utility from an outcome of zero. If the decision maker followsexpected utility theory, which lottery among L3 and L4 will the decision makerchoose?
- Consider the market for a single network good and suppose thatconsumers differ in their valuation of both the stand-alone and thenetwork benefits (it can indeed be argued that it is more plausiblethat a user who has a higher value for the stand-alone component of atechnology also assigns more importance to the size of its network.) Tocapture this idea, write the consumer’s utility function for joining thenetwork as U(θ) = θ(a + νne), where a is the stand-alone benefit, ν > 0measures the network effect, neis the expected number of users joiningthe network, and is uniformly distributed on the unit interval.a. What happens if p > a + νne? (Hint: Identify all consumer who buythe good for at price p and a given expected network size ne).b. What is the consumer’s willingness to pay for the nth unit of thegood when ne units are expected to be sold? Is the demand downwardsloping? Does the demand increase with the expected network size?c. Express the fulfilled-expectations demand curve…Let vij be bidder i's valuation for object j, where i in {1,2,3} and j in {1,2}. Bidder i knows its valuation vi; but other bidders only know that vi; is drawn uniformly from [0, 100]. If bidder i wins object 1 at price p1 and object 2 at price p2, bidder i's payoff is v;1 If bidder i wins only object j at price p;, his payoff is vij – Pj. If bidder i does not win any object, his payoff is 0. The auction proceeds as follows. The initial prices are zero for both objects. All bidders sit in front of their computers and observe the prices for both items in real-time. Initially, all bidders are invited to enter the bidding race for both items. At any moment in time, each bidder has the option to withdraw from the bidding race for either object or both. If a bidder withdraws from the bidding for one object, he can no longer get back to the bidding for that object, but he can stay in the bidding race for the other object if he hasn't withdrawn from it previously. The price for an object…Let vij be bidder i's valuation for object j, where i in {1,2,3} and j in {1,2}. Bidder i knows its valuation vi; but other bidders only know that vi; is drawn uniformly from [0, 100]. If bidder i wins object 1 at price p1 and object 2 at price p2, bidder i's payoff is v;1 If bidder i wins only object j at price p;, his payoff is vij – Pj. If bidder i does not win any object, his payoff is 0. The auction proceeds as follows. The initial prices are zero for both objects. All bidders sit in front of their computers and observe the prices for both items in real-time. Initially, all bidders are invited to enter the bidding race for both items. At any moment in time, each bidder has the option to withdraw from the bidding race for either object or both. If a bidder withdraws from the bidding for one object, he can no longer get back to the bidding for that object, but he can stay in the bidding race for the other object if he hasn't withdrawn from it previously. The price for an object…
- (Symmetric mixed strategy Nash equilibrium) A profile α∗ of mixed strategies in a strategic game with vNM preferences in which each player has the same set of actions is a symmetric mixed strategy Nash equilibrium if it is a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and α∗ i is the same for every player i. Solve this problem: At a large round table sit n ≥ 2 players, each holding 3 cards: one white, one black, and one red. Each player must secretly choose one of their cards and then, when the bell rings, simultaneously reveal it publicly with all the others. If all players choose the white card, each of them receives 6 points. If player i chooses the white card, and at least one of the other players chooses a card of a different color, player i receives 1 point. If player i chooses the black card, they receive 3 points, regardless of the decisions of the other players. If player i chooses the red card, they receive 0 points, regardless of the decisions of the other players. Find all symmetric…Answer the given question with a proper explanation and step-by-step solution. Angela and Betty are deciding how many nights to stay at a resort. Given above are the budget lines and indifference curves for both Angela and Betty. They are not travelling together and therefore will make independent decisions (they do not have to stay the same number ofnights) L1 is the budget line for each of them before any discounts are offered. Each of them is offered a “Buy Three Nights Get One Free” deal, where if they stay for three nights the fourth night is free. This is just a one-time discount and all subsequent nights after the fourth night are at the undiscounted price. The budget line after the discount is the heavily shaded blue line L2. You may assume that each consumer wishes to maximize their utility (satisfaction) when determining the number of nights they will stay. (a) With the budget line at L1 how many nights will Angela stay?(b) With L1 the budget line how many nights will Betty…Consider a town with a single street of 1 km long with 3,000 people spread uniformly along it. Two stores, 1 and 2, are located at the opposite ends of the street and sell the same product (store 1 is locatedattheleftend).Thecostofwalkingist1 =$6perkmtostore1andt2 =$9perkmtostore2for each consumer. The net utility of a consumer located at point x from buying a product at store 1 is U1(x) = 100 – p1 – t1x, where pi is a price of the product at store i = 1,2. The net utility from buying at store 2 is U2(x) = 100 – p2 – t2(1 – x). The average cost of the product for each store is c = 4. (a) Assume that all consumers buy product from the sellers. Find the demand functions Di(p1,p2) and the profit functions πi(p1,p2) for each store i = 1,2 as functions of prices p1,p2.(b) Find the equilibrium prices.
- Utility functions incorporate a decision maker’s attitude towards risk. Let’s assume that the following utilities were assessed for Danica Wary. x u(x) -$2,000 0 -$500 62 $0 75 $400 80 $5,000 100 Would a risk neutral decision maker be willing to take the following deal: 30% chance of winning $5,000, 40% chance of winning $400 and a 30% chance of losing $2,000? Using the utilities given in the table above, determine whether Danica would be willing to take the deal described in part a? Is Danica risk averse or is she a risk taker? What is her risk premium for this deal?A woman with current wealth X has the opportunity to bet an amount on the occurrence of an event that she knows will occur with probability P. If she wagers W, she will received 2W, if the event occur and if it does not. Assume that the Bernoulli utility function takes the form u(x) = with r > 0. How much should she wager? Does her utility function exhibit CARA, DARA, IARA? Alex plays football for a local club in Kumasi. If he does not suffer any injury by the end of the season, he will get a professional contract with Kotoko, which is worth $10,000. If he is injured though, he will get a contract as a fitness coach worth $100. The probability of the injury is 10%. Describe the lottery What is the expected value of this lottery? What is the expected utility of this lottery if u(x) = Assume he could buy insurance at price P that could pay $9,900 in case of injury. What is the highest value of P that makes it worthwhile for Alex to purchase insurance? What is the certainty…For the operating systems game, let us now assume the intrinsic superiorityof Mac is not as great and that network effects are stronger for Windows.These modifications are reflected in different payoffs. Now, the payoff fromadopting Windows is 50 X w and from adopting Mac is 15 + 5 X m;n consumers are simultaneously deciding between Windows and Mac.a. Find all Nash equilibria.b. With these new payoffs, let us now suppose that a third option exists,which is to not buy either operating system; it has a payoff of 1,000.Consumers simultaneously decide among Windows, Mac, and nooperating system. Find all Nash equilibria.