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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/basalnuclei1) to learn about the basal nuclei (also known as the basal ganglia), which have two pathways that process information within the cerebrum. As shown in this video, the direct pathway is the shorter pathway through the system that results in increased activity in the cerebral cortex and increased motor activity. The direct pathway is described as resulting in disinhibition of the thalamus. What does disinhibition mean? What are the two neurons doing individually to cause this?Thelobe contains the visual cortex frontal parietal temporal occipitalWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/basalnuclei2) to learn about the basal nuclei (also known as the basal ganglia), which have two pathways that process information within the cerebrum. As shown in this video, the indirect pathway is the longer pathway through the system that results in decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, and therefore less motor activity. The indirect pathway has an extra couple of connections in it, including disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. What is the end result on the thalamus, and therefore on movement initiated by the cerebral cortex?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lumbarpuncture) that describes the procedure known as the lumbar puncture, a medical procedure used to sample the CSF. Because of the anatomy of the CNS, it is a relative safe location to insert a needle. Why is the lumbar puncture performed in the lower lumbar area of the vertebral column?Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/braindevel) to examine the development of the brain, starting with the neural tube. As the anterior end of the neural tube develops, it enlarges into the primary vesicles that establish the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Those structures continue to develop throughout the rest of embryonic development and into adolescence. They are the basis of the structure of the fully developed adult brain. How would you describe the difference in the relative sizes of the three regions of the brain when comparing the early (25th embryonic day) brain and the adult brain?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/3Dmovies) to learn about the side effects of 3-D movies. As discussed in this video, movies that are shot in 3-D can cause motion sickness, which elicits the autonomic symptoms of nausea and sweating. The disconnection between the perceived motion on the screen and the lack of any change in equilibrium stimulates these symptoms. Why do you think sitting close to the screen or right in the middle of the theater makes motion sickness during a 3-D movie worse?
- Watch the video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/2brains) titled The Man With Two Brains to see the neuroscientist Michael Gazzaniga introduce a patient he has worked with for years who has had his corpus callosum cut, separating his two cerebral hemispheres. A few tests are run to demonstrate how this manifests in tests of cerebral function. Unlike normal people, this patient can perform two independent tasks at the same time because the lines of communication between the right and left sides of his brain have been removed. Whereas a person with an intact corpus callosum cannot overcome the dominance of one hemisphere over the other, this patient can. If the left cerebral hemisphere is dominant in the majority of people, why would right-handedness be most common?During surgery to remove a tumor from the occipital lobe ofthe left cerebrum, a surgeon must cut into the brain to reachthe tumor. List in order (starting with the covering skin) alllayers that must be “cut through” to reach the tumor.Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?a. thalamus, hypothalamus, retinab. midbrain, pons, medullac. pons and cerebellumd. cerebrum
- The central terminals of afferent neurons mediating spinal reflexes are distributed within the spinal cord, so that :-a- all of them terminate in the same spinal segment of their entry to the cordb- all of them terminate on interneuronsc- all of them subserve spinal reflexesd- they provide pathways for divergence of the incoming sensory impulsesIn humans, functions like language, decision making, and conscious thought are governed by the:a. thalamusb. cerebral cortexc. cerebellumd. cerebrumA kicker on the local football team has experienced head trauma. When attempting to kick the ball, his movements were jerkyand exaggerated. The team’s athletic trainer was convinced that the kicker had damage to his cerebellum and insisted that hebe transported to the hospital. Does the athletic trainer’s conclusion make sense? Why or why not?