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The carrier molecule in the ETC can bypass the next carrier in the chain and transfer electrons directly to oxygen producing two highly potent cellular toxins hydrogen peroxode and superoxide radical. What is this carrier molecule?

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The electron transport chain (ETC) refers to a series of molecular complexes that transfer electrons to electron acceptors from electron donors through redox reactions, and connects this electron transfer with the relocation of H+ ions (protons) across a plasma membrane. ETC creates an electrochemical proton gradient that causes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.

ETC can be a major site for premature electron leakage when a small percentage of electrons do not pass through the entire series and instead directly pass on to oxygen. This bypassing of electrons generates free-radicals such as superoxide (O2&minus;) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These free radicals are highly reactive molecules and cause oxidative stress, aging, and several diseases.

The complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and complex III (cytochrome bc1 complex) of ETC are the major sites of electron leakage. This leakage or bypass is facilitated by electron carrier molecules flavoproteins: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Reduced flavoproteins (FMNH2 and FADH2) transfer electrons to oxygen to form H2O2.Within complex I, FMNH2 forms superoxide radical (O2−...

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The carrier molecule in the ETC can bypass the next carrier in the chain and transfer electrons directly to oxygen producing two highly potent cellular toxins hydrogen peroxode and superoxide radical. What is this carrier molecule?

The carrier molecule in the ETC can bypass the next carrier in the chain and transfer electrons directly to oxygen producing two highly potent cellular toxins hydrogen peroxode and superoxide radical. What is this carrier molecule?

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