The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the ETS. What is the final electron acceptor of the ETS? What is the function of the H+ ion in ATP synthesis?

Q: Under standard conditions, NADH reoxidation by the electron-transport chain has a free-energy change…

A: ADP + Pi → ATP  G= + 30.66 KJ /mol By the electron transport chain, NADH reoxidation has a free…

Q: For 30 moles of glucose that is completely oxidized in the glycolysis down to the Krebs cycle, what…

A: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm irrespective of the presence or absence of oxygen. Each molecule…

Q: How do the three active sites of ATP synthase respond to the flow of protons?

A: ATP synthase is a rotatory motor enzyme present in complex V. This ATP synthase utilizes the proton…

Q: Which reaction in cellular respiration produces energy through substrate-level phosphorylation?…

A: Free energy is required by every organism for growth and maintenance and normal functioning of the…

Q: How many ATP's are formed per molecule of NADH and FADH2? How would a different number of subunits…

A: ATP also called adenosine tri phosphate is the energy currency of the cell and stores energy in the…

Q: If 12 molecules of glucose enter the glycolytic pathway, how many ATP molecules can be generated in…

A: The electron transport chain has a tendency to create an electrochemical gradient, which causes the…

Q: The electron transport chain contains four large protein complexes: the NADH-Q reductase complex,…

A: The electron transport chain moves electrons from electron benefactors to electron acceptors through…

Q: What is the oxidative phosphorylation coefficient? indicate the oxidative phosphorylation…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the reaction in which electrons gets transferred from NADH or FADH2,…

Q: What steps in glycolysis generate substrate-level phosphorylation, and how many ATP molecules are…

A: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that transforms C6H12O6 glucose into pyruvate, CH3COCOO−, and…

Q: How many NTP molecules are required for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose from two molecules…

A: Introduction: The process by which a glucose molecule is synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors…

Q: What would decrease the number of ATP molecules generated per NADH molecule in the electron…

A: NADH is defined as the body coenzyme which will facilitate numerous biological reactions. NADH is…

Q: Why do the electrons carried by FADH2 result in less ATP production than those carried by NADH?

A: The energy emitted by the electron transport chain would ultimately be insufficient to pump protons…

Q: What is beta-oxidation? Explain how it results in ATPproduction.

A: Fatty acids are considered to be highly efficient in energy production in the body. 50 to 70% of the…

Q: How do the P/O ratios for NADH differ in ATP synthases that contain 10 and 15 c subunits?

A: The P/O or Phosphate/Oxygen ratio refers tot he amount of ATP produced from the movement of two…

Q: why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does?

A: * Krebs cycle is also called as citric acid cycle and also called as tricarboxylic acid cycle is a…

Q: What is the mechanistic basis for the observation that the inhibitors of ATP synthase also lead to…

A: Inhibitors of ATP synthase such as the drug (diarylquinoline) were developed against tuberculosis.…

Q: The inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q) from participating in electron transfer in the electron…

A: The mitochondrion is a double membrane bound structure found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in…

Q: What are the products of glycolysis (from one glucose molecule)? What happens with NADH under…

A: During glycolysis one glucose molecule produces 4 ATP , 2NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules.

Q: In Oxidative Phosphorylation (The electron transport chain) NADH in general produces more ATP than…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway where ATP formation takes place, and this is when…

Q: What does the term “oxidative phosphorylation” mean? What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Are…

A: Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions which takes place in the cells to covert…

Q: What is the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions…

A: ATP synthesis takes place primarily in the mitochondria of eukaryotic species. Cellular respiration…

Q: How many molecules of NADH are produced if 12 molecules of glucose enter the glycolytic pathway?

A: Glycolysis is a catabolic process which occurs in cytosol.

Q: Given the following question, for each of the three reactions catalyzed by NADH dehydrogenase…

A: The mitochondrial respiratory chain or electron transport chain is a biological oxidation process in…

Q: How in the respiratory chain do electrons from FADH2 and NADH2 passing through cytochromes liberate…

A: Cytochromes a, b and c are present in the mitochondria. Cytochromes a and b are the integral…

Q: Why is less ATP is made from the reoxidation of FADH2 compared to NADH?

A: Cellular respiration begins with the process of glycolysis in which glucose is partially oxidized to…

Q: What is the effect of adding cyanide to the DNOC-stimulated electron-transport chain?

A: The electron transport chain, abbreviated as ETC is a series of transfer of elections from one…

Q: How many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred…

A: The malate-aspartate shuttle is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during…

Q: What property of the various cytochromes ensures unidirectional electron flow along the…

A: Cytochromes, a family of metalloproteins which performs one-electron transfer reactions, in…

Q: in which of the reactions in the electron transport chain, coenzyme Q transfers electrons to complex…

A: Most of the energy released during the steps of aerobic respiration is retained by the reduced…

Q: Assuming that all the carbon skeleton of alanine is completely oxidized and released as CO2. How…

A: Alanine is an amino acid that takes part in protein synthesis. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid…

Q: What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What…

A: The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is the last step of aerobic respiration,…

Q: During glycolysis, transition, and the citric acid cycle: How many ATP (or GTP) is made in each…

A: A) Glycolysis produces 2ATP, tansition yields 2 molecules of ATP, and crab cycle/ citric acid cycle…

Q: How does the presence of cristae in the mitochondrial membrane increase the productivity of aerobic…

A: In eukaryotes, the aerobic stages of cellular respiration take place in cellular organelle named…

Q: Why do yeast cells convert pyruvate to ethanol in the absence of oxygen? to produce CO2 for…

A: Anaerobic respiration is an alternate mode of energy generation in which an exogenous electron…

Q: What causes the c subunits of ATP synthase to rotate? What determines the direction of rotation?

A: As the Y and subunits are initially attached to the C subunit, the rotation of the ankal stalk is…

Q: What essential compound is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway that is needed for synthesis as…

A: The Pentose Phosphate pathway also called hexose monophosphate shunt or phosphogluconate pathway,…

Q: Assume that a person was born with a defective NADH dehydrogenase complex, the complex that allows…

A: Electron transport chain present in the inner membrane of mitochondria, it includes 4 complexes;…

Q: What will happen to the proton (H+ions) gradient in the mitochondria if the ATP synthase is blocked?

A: The free energy released during the oxidation of glucose to CO2 is retained in the NADH and FADH2…

Q: Which complexes of the electron transport system are able to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP…

A: The electron transport chain includes an array of protein complexes that allow the transfer of…

Q: The energy stored in one molecule of NADH is used to synthesize how many molecules of ATP?

A: NADH stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen. It is a high energy compound. It is used…

Q: In oxidative phosphorylation, how many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of NADH in the…

A: The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are two parts of oxidative phosphorylation that are…

Q: the complete b-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0) What is the total ATP produced in the citric acid…

A: Stearic acid is a long fatty acid with 18 carbon and its breakdown will produce 9 acetyls CoA’s…

Q: Why is it important that NADH can be converted back to NAD + during anaerobic respiration?

A: The metabolic process including the transfer of energy from glucose to the cells through the…

Q: Can an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation inhibit electron transport from one component of the…

A: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of…

Q: What are the catalytic subunits of F1 particle of ATP synthase?

A: Adenosine triphosphate synthase is a protein that catalyses the synthesis of the energy storage…

Q: How many ATP are produced when 3 moles of FADH2 enter the electron transport chain?

A: The electron transport chain is a set of four protein molecules that link redox processes to create…

Q: When 24 acetyl Co-A molecule(s) are respired through the Krebs Cycle and the electron

A: Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System -- Krebs cycle produces proton carrier eg. NADH and FADH2…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.