The catalytic activity of enzymes depends on the presence of appropriate environmental conditions. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the stomach and facilitates the digestion of large proteins. If pepsin is removed from this acidic environment of the stomach and is instead placed in a more basic environment, it will cease to function. Describe the specific effect that a change in environmental pH will have on pepsin and explain how this change can lead to inhibition of its catalytic activity. Respond in 4 to 6 complete sentences.
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- The synthesis of enzymes in response to changing metabolicneeds is referred to as _____________________.Enzyme cofactors are usually inorganic ions that enhanceenzymatic activity by improving the “fit” between an enzymeand its substrate. True or false?Regarding the physical condition (characteristics of the solution/environment) in which an enzyme finds itself: sometimes enzymes are most active at a certain level and still active but to a lesser degree at a level above or below the optimal level. Describe the likely reason for the enzyme’s decrement in function at levels other than the optimal level?
- Which of the following statements about enzyme character-istics is true?(a) Enzymes generally exhibit a high degree of specificityfor one particular substrate.(b) Enzyme-substrate complexes occur when a substratemolecule collides with the allosteric site of an enzyme.(c) Chemical bonds within a substrate are strength-ened when this substrate forms an enzyme-substratecomplex.(d) Enzymes have a region called the active site, which pro-vides an area where it can form a loose association withits substrate.(e) a and d.For each of the statements below about the dUTPase enzyme, mark whether it is true or false. If it is false, change the language to make the statement true. _______If the dUTPase enzyme is the rate determining step in a larger metabolic pathway, the reaction likely lies near to equilibrium and is irreversible. _______For the dUTPase reaction, it is not likely that DG’ = DG°’ _______ dUTPase has a higher affinity for its substrate than for its product, but both of these are higher than the affinity for the transition state _______Kinetic analysis of dUTPase using Michaelis-Menten methods assumes that the formation of the E*S complex has a large negative value for DGMany biosynthetic pathways are regulated by feedback control, where the product of a pathway turns off an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway. Usually, this control comes from an allosteric interaction. Of the types of reversible enzyme inhibition (Competitive inhibition, Noncompetitive inhibition, and Uncompetitive inhibition), what type is most likely to occur in a feedback control mechanism like this and why?
- Enzymes act by reducing the activation energy of areaction. Describe several ways in which this isaccomplished.The Michaelis constant: depends on the concentration of the enzyme. displays the maximal rate of the reaction, when it is much less than the substrate concentration. displays the maximal rate of the reaction, when it is equal to the substrate concentration. displays zero-order kinetics, when the it is equal to the substrate concentration. describes the properties of the enzyme.A generalized enzyme active site is shaped like a hemisphere with a radius of 45Å. The active site holds the following amino acids in a homeostatic solution (pH = 7.38): -HAVARILKHAVARILKHAVARILK- Assuming the charge is distributed uniformly along the hemisphere, determine the force at which this active site acts upon a single ATP molecule at the center of the hemisphere.
- Enzymes have similar responses to both changes in temperature and pH. The effect of both is on the a. rate of movement of the substrate molecules. b. strength of the chemical bonds within the substrate. c. three-dimensional shape of the enzyme. d. rate of movement of the enzyme.Quite often, medications cannot be taken with grapefruit juice. This is becausegrapefruit juice blocks an enzyme responsible for metabolism of the drug. Chemicals ingrapefruit juice bind to the active site of the enzyme. What type of inhibition is this, andwhat would it do to the amount of medication in your blood? Why is this bad for you explain?DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a) Metabolism b) Catabolism c) Anabolism Please explain this in-detailed and longer, thank you.