The coenzymes NAD and FAD can “shuttle” hydrogens from one reaction to another. How does this process serve to couple oxidation and reduction reactions?

Q: Why does glycolysis require ATP investment on a thermodynamic and molecular level?

A: The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy is called glycolysis. It  is the…

Q: Although ATP supplies energy to an endergonic reaction, why is it not considered a fuel?

A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is defined as a cell’s energy currency. It is a molecule that stores as…

Q: What is beta-oxidation? Explain how it results in ATP production.

A: Fatty acids are the building blocks of fat in both our bodies and our diets. Fats are broken down…

Q: What does it mean to say that during cellular respiration, electron carriers are reduced while the…

A: Let’s imagine we have  a cell. The cell has just been given a big, juicy glucose molecule, and we…

Q: How does cellular respiration benefit life on earth if it is a catabolic process?

A: Cellular respiration refers to intracellular oxidation of food to form ATP and reducing powers. It…

Q: What are the three general roles of carbon-containing compounds in metabolism?

A: Metabolism is a collection of life-forming biochemical reactions takes place inside organisms to…

Q: How many molecules of NAD+ are required to convert one molecule of glucose to pyruvate?

A: Glycolysis is the first step in the cellular respiration process where six molecular glucose was…

Q: How does ATP assist enzymes which catalyze endergonic reactions?

A: The primary molecule for storing and transmitting energy in cells is adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or…

Q: How can we tell which enzymes use FAD and which use NAD+ as the oxidizing coenzyme?

A: Nucleotides are the important constituents of many biomolecules in the study of biochemistry. NAD is…

Q: What would happen to the citric acid cycle if NADH and FADH2 were not reoxidized?

A: Citric acid cycle or TCA or Krebs cycle is the metabolic process in which the oxidation of acetyl…

Q: How does the difference between NADH and NADPH affect the reactions in which they are involved?

A: Both NADH and NADPH are coenzymes involved in the oxidation-reduction process. The structural…

Q: How are anabolic and catabolic reactions interrelated?  Differentiate oxidative-level and…

A: Answer: 1) Introduction: Anabolism means production of complex molecules from simpler compounds.

Q: Why does the Krebs cycle operate only under aerobic conditionseven though it does not use molecular…

A: Respiration is the important chemical process that occurs in all living organisms including animals…

Q: In an oxidation-reduction reaction, what happens to the chemical that is oxidized? What happens to…

A: An oxidation-reduction reaction also called redox reactions to occur due to the transfer of…

Q: Why are oxidation–reduction reactions important?

A: A redox reaction or an oxidation-reduction reaction can be described as a type of chemical reaction…

Q: What is the function of the citric acid cycle in transforming fuel molecules into ATP?

A: The citric acid (CAC) is one of the most important metabolic pathways, which helps to convert the…

Q: How many ATPs are produced by the respiratory chain from all the molecules od FADH2 formed from the…

A: One glucose molecule undergoes the process of aerobic respiration for its complete oxidation that…

Q: What happens in the electron transport chain and why is this process called chemiosmosis?

A: Metabolism is the arrangement of life-supporting synthetic responses in living beings. The three…

Q: What is beta-oxidation? Explain how it results in ATPproduction.

A: Fatty acids are considered to be highly efficient in energy production in the body. 50 to 70% of the…

Q: In order to make one molecule of glucose, how many carbon dioxide, ATPs, and NADPH are required?

A: The Calvin cycle also called light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are the chemical…

Q: What is the structural difference between NADH and NADPH?

A: NADH refers to "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)". NADPH refers to…

Q: why NADH yields more ATP than FADH2 does?

A: * Krebs cycle is also called as citric acid cycle and also called as tricarboxylic acid cycle is a…

Q: What is the mechanistic basis for the observation that the inhibitors of ATP synthase also lead to…

A: Inhibitors of ATP synthase such as the drug (diarylquinoline) were developed against tuberculosis.…

Q: What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?

A: Introduction :- An electron transport chain is a collection of protein complexes and other molecules…

Q: What is the role of ATP in combining exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A: ATP hydrolysis is a catabolic reaction in which chemical energy is released from the high-energy…

Q: What type of reaction is: NADH --> NAD+ + H+ + 2 e-

A: NADH :- It is formed during the glycolysis & further reactions of cellular respiration.  It is…

Q: What does oxidation and reduction mean, and how does it relate to respiration?

A: Respiration is a multi-step reaction involves glycolysis and  Krebs cycle. The process of…

Q: In the second reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway that generates NADPH, What are the…

A: The pentose phosphate pathway also called the hexose monophosphate shunt is an alternative pathway…

Q: What happens in the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

A: Cellular respiration is a process in which the complex organic molecules are oxidized to generate…

Q: Which coenzyme is a reactant in the oxidation of a nutrient, NAD+ or NADH? What is the reason for…

A: Introduction: The non-protein organic molecule that has a low molecular weight is referred to as a…

Q: How does the difference between NADH and NADPH affect the reactions in which they are involvedd?

A: NADH and NADPH are two types of reaction intermediates often seen in biochemical reactions. There…

Q: What is the carrier molecule in the electron Transport chain (in Cellular Respiration)

A: Electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes that transfer electron donors to electron…

Q: Is there a fundamental difference between the one- and two-electron reactions in the electron…

A: The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner…

Q: What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What…

A: The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is the last step of aerobic respiration,…

Q: Why would lack of oxygen completely inhibit the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain but not…

A: Kreb cycle:During aerobic respiration, the sequence of processes by which most live cells create…

Q: What is the name and role of this pathway? Is it catabolism or anabolism? Which molecules are A and…

A: Macromolecules are larger molecules that are required in larger quantities in our body. It includes…

Q: Why does the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involve the release of energy?

A: Answer : ATP is the energy giving molecule of the cell which is called adenosine triphosphate. The…

Q: What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH?

A: The cells are the basic building blocks of the living system. It consists of many internal…

Q: What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?  How does ATP-ADP couple these reactions?

A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of the molecule adenosine bound to three phosphate groups.…

Q: What is the benefit of the electron transport chain in extracting energy from electrons?

A: It is a series if electron transports embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles…

Q: What do ATP and ADP mean? What are the roles of these molecules for the cellular energetic…

A: The food we eat provides us nutrients. Some nutrients serve as energy-giving nutrients and provide…

Q: The energy stored in one molecule of NADH is used to synthesize how many molecules of ATP?

A: NADH stands for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen. It is a high energy compound. It is used…

Q: Why does NADH generated in the cytosol in different tissues produce two different amounts of ATP at…

A: NADH generated in the cytosol in different tissues produce two different amounts of ATP at the…

Q: In terms of an electron-transport chain, what is the difference between a reduced carrier and an…

A: Electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier reactions which was embedded in the inner…

Q: The last part of cellular respiration is called oxidative phosphorylation. We use the term oxidative…

A: cellular respiration is the process of ATP generation. It takes place in mitochondria. It involves…

Q: What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

A: The process by which foodstuffs are oxidized in cells to release their bond energy for utilisation…

Q: What molecule acts as an electron acceptor in glycolysis?

A: Introduction: The process of glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell of all living organisms.…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.