The government has recently introduced a marketable permit program for major polluters where one permit gives permission to pollute one unit. When the program is introduced, Firm A emits 400 units of pollutant and so is granted 400 permits. After one year, firms are issued 25% fewer pollution permits. If Firm A reduces its pollutants from 400 units to 260 units, how many permits does it sell after one year?
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- Economists sometimes shock noneconomists by stating that they do not favor the complete elimination of pollution. Explain the rationale for this position.Suppose the local authorities wanted to achieve a more drastic reduction in total pollution of 75 tons in the scenario described above. They want to do so via the introduction of a tradable pollution permits system whereby, each permit would allow a power plant to emit one ton of SO2 annually at no cost, but a power plant’s emissions may not exceed it’s permits. The authorities must will distribute 75 permits (to achieve the 150 - 75 = 75 ton reduction). Recall that prior to the policy, each plant is emitting 75 tons. (a) If the regulator issues 35 permits to firm 1 and 40 permits to firm 2, without trading, how much would each firm have to spend to comply with the regulation? Recall that each firm must abate the pollution for which they do not hold permits. i.e. q1 = 75 − p 1 where p 1 is the number of permits firm 1 has. (b) At this initial allocation, what is the marginal willingness to pay a permit for firm 1? What is the marginal willingness to accept to sell a permit for firm 2?…The government has recently introduced a marketable permit program for major polluters where one permit gives permission to pollute one unit. When the program is introduced, Firm A emits 400 units of pollutant and so is granted 400 permits. After one year, firms are issued 25% fewer pollution permits. If Firm A reduces its pollutants from 400 units to 240 units, how many permits does it sell after one year?
- Consider a uniformly mixed pollutant. If all of the polluters have different individual marginal abatement cost functions, then it wll not be possible to design a cost effective policy. Select one: O a. True O b. FalseIt is discovered that production of painclear damages groundwater quality – this affects just one party: Greenview Nature Park (a park run by the local council which people can access, for free, for recreation). The value of the damage caused is £48 per litre of paint produced – so the pollution damage caused when output is 1 litre=£48, the 2 nd litre causes another £48 of damage, so pollution damage caused when output is 2 litres=£96. This damage happens and is the same whenever XY produces, whatever the level of output (same if it produces 1 litre of or 1 000 000 litres of painclear - each additional litre imposes an additional £48 of pollution costs). The drug has no side effects on consumers. (the clarifying information in red was added on 21/12/23) 1.Create and explain a new diagram which shows relevant costs, price and levels of output if XY produced the optimal quantity of painclear from a societal perspective. 2. Assume XY and Greenview can negotiate. Create and explain 2 new…If a) the government uses a tradable permits program for pollution emissions, b) polluting firms are heterogeneous in terms of their marginal abatement costs (MACs), and c) each firm is initially allocated an equal amount of permits, it must be the case that: Select one: a. Firms with higher marginal abatement costs will pay firms with lower marginal abatement costs to abate more. b. Firms with lower marginal abatement costs will end up with more permits than firms with higher marginal abatement costs after trading. c. All firms will end up abating the same amount of emissions. d. All of the above are true. e. All of the above are false.
- two types of consumers( workers an retirees) share a community with a polluting cheese factory. the polution is nonrival and nonexcludable. the total damage to workers is p2 where p is the amount of pollution and the total damage to retirees is 3p2 . thus marginal damage to workers is 2p and marginal damage to retirees is 6p. according to an anlaysis by consulting engineers, the cheese factory saves 20p-p2 by pollluting p, for a marginal savings of 20-2p. a.Find the aggregate(including both types of sonsumers) marginal damage for the public bad. b..graph the marginal savings and aggregate marginal damage curves with pollution on the horizontal axis. c. how much will the cheese factory pollute in the abscence of any regulation or bargaining? what is the societys optimal level of pollution? d. starting from the uncontrolled level of pollution calculated in part(c), find the marginal willingness to pay for pollution abatment, A, for each consumer class. (abatment is the reduction in…Please helo me with this question There are 50 residents that live in a small town in California. Each resident uses electricity and there is one power station that produces electricity for the residents from coal. Each residents' demand for electricity is Q = 10 - 2P and the supply function for the power plant is Q = 150P. For each unit of electricity that the power station produces, there is a corresponding release of pollution that leads to asthma and other health problems for the 50 residents. The marginal damage of each unit of electricity produced, per person, is $.05. a. What is the market equilibrium price and quantity per unit of electricity? b. What is the efficient Pigouvian tax per unit of pollution? c. The government of this small California town decides to impose the efficient Pigouvian per unit tax on the power station. What is the new social optimum price and quantity per unit of electricity? d. What is the government tax revenue? e. What is the gain in total…Suppose that a firm’s emissions and Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) data are summarized in thetable below. e MAC 0 200 10 180 20 160 30 140 40 120 50 100 60 80 70 60 80 40 90 20 100 0 a. If the price of a pollution permit is $100, how many permits will the firm need? Explain.b. Suppose that the price of a pollution permit increases to $120, how many permits will thefirm need? Explain.c. With this new price of $120, will the firm’s emissions increase or decrease? By howmuch? Explain.d. Can the firm sell any permits? If so, what is the revenue generated from permit sales?Explain.
- For a product with external benefits like vaccines (positive externality),which of the following is true?Select one: Oa. The market equilibrium results in too much of the good compared to what is optimalOb. The market equilibrium results in too little of the good compared to what is optimal.Oc. The market will not provide the good; it must be publicly funded.O d. Large economies of scale work as a barrier to firm entry.Suppose a municipality votes to reduce the combined pollution introduced by three local companies. Presently, each firm creates 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. The government can reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units by choosing between the following two methods:Methods to Reduce Pollution1. The government imposes pollution standards using regulation.2. The government issues tradable pollution permits.The costs faced by each firm are different, so it is more difficult for some firms to reduce pollution than others. The following table shows the cost faced by each firm to eliminate each unit of pollution. Assume that the cost of eliminating all 4 units of pollution (that is, reducing pollution to zero) is prohibitively expensive for all three firms.FirmCost of Eliminating the...First Unit of PollutionSecond Unit of PollutionThird Unit of Pollution(Dollars)(Dollars)(Dollars)Firm A 130 165 220Firm B 600 750 1,200Firm C…Assuming that firms hold well-defined rights to pollute and identifying (marginal) benefits and costs of pollution abatement, argue that a private market for abatement services is unlikely to exist when such services are a public good, defining relevant technical concepts as part of your answer. Illustrate your discussion in the context of an example in which the private marginal benefit of abatement to each one of 1000 victims of pollution is MBA = 0.020 (constant) and the marginal cost to polluting firms is MCA = A. (Hint: Obtain the abatement level private markets would provide and the socially efficient abatement level, obtaining first the marginal social benefit of abatement to the group of pollution victims).