The MET oncogene is a growth factor receptor that is altered in many forms of cancer including lung and colon carcinomas as well as several forms of melanoma. One assay for characterizing the gene composition of tumor cells is Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) in which a fluorescently labeled DNA is used to show the presence of and level (i.e. number copies) of a gene inside cells. The experiment below is a FISH assay of two different tumor samples (Patient D and Patient E) using a MET gene probe labeled with a green fluorescent probe. The figure on the right presents the survival data from diagnosis of cancer patients with FISH data similar to Patient D or E. Based on this data, what has happened to the MET gene in Patient D population that has made their cancer more severe and reduced survival time (Limit 4-5 sentences). D Survival rate (%) 2 100 0 0 100 200 Time (days) 300 E

The MET oncogene is a growth factor receptor that is altered in many forms of cancer including lung and colon carcinomas as well as several forms of melanoma. One assay for characterizing the gene composition of tumor cells is Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) in which a fluorescently labeled DNA is used to show the presence of and level (i.e. number copies) of a gene inside cells. The experiment below is a FISH assay of two different tumor samples (Patient D and Patient E) using a MET gene probe labeled with a green fluorescent probe. The figure on the right presents the survival data from diagnosis of cancer patients with FISH data similar to Patient D or E. Based on this data, what has happened to the MET gene in Patient D population that has made their cancer more severe and reduced survival time (Limit 4-5 sentences). D Survival rate (%) 2 100 0 0 100 200 Time (days) 300 E

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter16: Regulation Of Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4ITD

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Retinoblastoma is an extremely rare cancer of the retina in the eye. The disease mainly affects children up to the age of 5 years because it can only occur while the nerve precursor cells are still dividing. In its nonhereditary form, a tumor usually occurs in only one eye; in its hereditary form, multiple tumors develop in both eyes.To explore the basis for these differences, a cDNA clone of the Rb gene was used to probe the structure of the gene in cells from normal individuals and from individuals with nonhereditary or hereditary retinoblastoma. As shown in the figure Part A, normal individuals have four restriction fragments (A, B, C, and D) that hybridize to the Rb cDNA probe, indicating that each restriction fragment encodes at least one Rb exon. Samples from fibroblasts and tumor cells of affected persons show some differences in the patterns of hybridization, with some bands missing entirely and some bands present at half intensity. The order of the restriction fragments in the…
You are studying pancreatic cancer have matched samples of tumor and healthy pancreatic tissue. You use a microarray to determine gene expression differences between these two sample. You label the healthy tissue cDNA with red fluorescnce and the tumor cDNA with green. You apply these cDNAs to your chip. Beta-actin is a housekeeping gene required for cell structure. What color would you expect the spot for this gene to be? a. Red b. Green c. Yellow d. No color e. None of the above
Which of the following defects in RAS would be tumorigenic? multiple answers A. Deletion of nucleotide binding domain B. Inactivation of Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) C. Mutation at amino acid 61 that prevents hydrolysis of bound GTP D. Inactivation of GTPase Protein (GAPS) E. Mutation that prevents binding of GTP
Describe error prone polymerases and the process of translesion synthesis (TLS). In regards to tumor biology, what is the mutator phenotype hypothesis? What are some ways in which error-prone polymerases could be targeted for potential anti-cancer treatments?
Imatinib is an anti-cancer drug that inhibits the function of CD117, a receptor protein coded for by the KIT gene. Mutations in the KIT gene are implicated in gastrointestinal cancers. Aimee, who has a gastrointestinal tumor asked her doctor if she could try Imatinib, but her doctor first required that she get a biopsy of her tumor. Hair loss is a well-known side effect of chemotherapy; why does this side effect occur? (1) Chemotherapy targets cells undergoing division. Hair stem cells are constantly replenishing (growing) just like cancer cells. They are then also targeted by chemotherapy, causing hair loss. (2) Chemotherapy targets all cells, whether dividing or not dividing, and hair cells are collateral in the fight against cancer (3) Chemotherapy targets proteins in our cells and hair cells have an abundance of proteins
Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings. Please sort as a list.
Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a number of different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itself becomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell. An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in some cancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutated in a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations in the gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of a proto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering point mutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why these two proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such different alterations in order to convert them into oncogenes.
Below is a figure (here called Figure 1) from “Prognostic Significance of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinoma,” by An et al., published in Clinical Cancer Research in 2005. The authors look at five microsatellite loci (BAT 25, BAT 26, D2S123, D5S346, and D17S250) in normal (N) and tumor (T) tissue from patients with Gastric Carcinoma. They amplify the loci by PCR and then instead of using standard agarose gel electrophoresis, they run the PCR products through capillary gel electrophoresis and detect bands as they pass a laser near the positive charge terminal. The x-axis in these plots is the time at which the band passed the laser (aka size of the PCR product) and the intensity of the peaks represents the amount of DNA in that band A. Which patient- 18, 30, or 1- shows the most microsatellite instability? Which patient shows the least? How do you know? B. In which repair pathway is it most likely that you will find the driver mutations…
You are interested in studying a novel gene that appears to be involved in cancer. There is no information about the function of this gene. What would you do to obtain the cDNA for this gene? How would you express this gene and what expression systems might you utilize to study its function and why? How would determine the subcellular localization of this gene in eukaryotic cells? What are alternative methods in case one doesn't work? How would you purify and determine the 3-dimensional structure of this protein?
The rb gene encodes a protein that inhibits E2F, a transcriptionfactor that activates several genes involved in cell division.Mutations in rb are associated with certain forms of cancer,such as retinoblastoma. Under each of the following conditions,would you expect the cancer to occur?A. One copy of rb is defective; both copies of E2F are functional.B. Both copies of rb are defective; both copies of E2F arefunctional.C. Both copies of rb are defective; one copy of E2F is defective.D. Both copies of rb and E2F are defective.
The chemical carcinogen dimethybenzialanthracene (DMBA) must be an extraordinarily specific mutagen since 90% of the skin tumors it causes have an A-to-Talteration at exactly the same site in the mutant Ras gene is true or false
Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict whether a gene potentially encodes for a protein that influences carcinogenesis by examining their mutational profile. You sequence the genome of 4 cancers and identify 3 genes of interest. Which of the following genes has the best potential to an oncogene? Tumor 1 Tumor 2 Tumor 3 Tumor 4 Gene A S24F, N465T R33T T345S, G366R P367E, P368Y Gene B S34R, F360I S34R V254I S34E, T67Y Gene C S24F, I322E C255I, E344D S34E, P367E