The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that monoamine oxidase is overproduced in very depressed people. depression is a result of low monoamine levels at synapses. depression is a result of high monoamine levels at synapses. monoamine oxidase is absent in very depressed people.
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- The effects of alcohol are not fully understood but it does seem to inhibit GABAnergic neurons. How would the release of dopamine from the postsynaptic neuron change in this case? Explain your answer, being sure to make each connection between conceptsWhich of the following neurotransmitters is associatedwith inhibition exclusively?a. GABAb. acetylcholinec. glutamated. norepinephrineCocaine affects a synapse by blocking the reuptake or reabsorbtion of the neurotransmitter dopamine by the presynaptic neurons. Therefore,the levels of dopamine continue to build in the synapse, causing certain effects on the body. A. Explain how cocaine interferes with neural transmission across the synapse B.Describe the natural role of dopamine in the brain C. Predict how cocaine could be addictive after only one use.
- You measure subregion-specific release of GABA in the basal ganglia. Give two regions where you would expect to find the release of GABA neurotransmitter.Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect the reuptake of neurotransmitter by presynaptic cells. SSRIs are used for the treatment of depression. Serotonin normally causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential. Explain why neurotransmitter reuptake is important. And describe what effect the SSRI would have on the response of these postsynaptic cells and why.Give two mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert their effects.
- The neurotransmitter secreted at an adrenergic synapse is _____________.Depression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?Imagine that a new type of psychoactive drug has been developed in a laboratory. It works by slowing the reuptake of dopamine in some brain circuits, increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapse. It also blocks serotonin binding in other brain circuits. Based on only this information, you can conclude that this new psychoactive drug is a: dopamine and serotonin antagonist. dopamine antagonist and serotonin agonist. dopamine and serotonin agonist. dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist.
- In schizophrenia, the neurons affected by dopamine are overstimulated. This condition is treated with drugs like chlorpromazine (Thorazine), which bind to the affected receptors and inhibit the dopamine signal. Does chlorpromazineact as an agonist or antagonist?Photoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?The rewarding or reinforcing effects of amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin have been associatedwith the effect on which major neurotransmitter?A.acetylcholineB.GABAC.dopamineD.serotonin