The proposition ~ a ^~ (a → r) is logically equivalent to А. а В. г C. ~ a D. -r

Q: Construct expansions in a two-individual universe of discourse for the following sentences: 1.…

A:

Q: language L = {a i b j c k | i 6= j, j 6= k, i 6= k}; it is not a context- free language. Show that…

A: Given : L = {a i b j c k | i == j, j== k, i == k};

Q: For any string w=w1w2…wn, the reverse of w, written wR, is the string w in reverse order, wn…w2w1.…

A: Answer is given below-

Q: Simplifying the Boolean equation F(A,B,C,D) = A'B'C' + A'C'D' + AB' + ABCD' + A'B'C' using k-map, we…

A: Here in this question we have given a boolean equation.we have to solve this equation using k-map…

Q: Consider the wffs: φ1 ≡ p1 → (p2 → (p3 → p4)) φ2 ≡ (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ p3) → p4 (a) Technically speaking,…

A: Given, φ1 = p1→(p2→(p3→p4)) φ2 = (p1 ^ p2 ^p3)→p4   Rules:  If P is a formula , then ~P is a Well…

Q: c) logically equivalent to (p→). Do not use truth tables here and give a reason for each line.…

A: Given

Q: What is the complexity of computing P(X1|Xn = true) using enumeration? What is the complexity with…

A: please check step 2 for solution & explanation

Q: Question 3: Models of Computation (a) Are these propositional formulas satisfiable? (1) (pVg) ^ (r…

A: “Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: Can all programs be computed via a combinational ciruit?

A: Other circuits used in computers, such as half adders, full adders, half subtractors, full…

Q: Generalized Geography (GG) is PSAPCE Complete since the FORMULA-GAME reduces in polynomial time to…

A: import networkx as nx import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np # create a graph G =…

Q: 1. Consider the following KB containing 4 sentences in PL: P = (R v S), –P = (R v S), ¬S, (R v U)= Q…

A: Answer  :

Q: d. Show that ¬(p ® q) and p→ q are logically equivalent. e. Show that ¬(p → q) and ¬p → q are…

A:

Q: set S of logical connectives is said to be (logically) complete if each of ¬, V, and A can be…

A: Proved the given connectives complete

Q: Let G = ({S,A,B,C,D,E,Z},(0,1),R,S), where R = {S → E | Z; E → A | C; A → 01B | 0A | ; B → 1B |…

A: Introduction: Here we are required to to perform the asked questions on given set G =…

Q: Let R = (J,K, L, M, N, P) and F = {J → KL, L → J, MNP → K, KP – M, LJ → N}, give a canonical cover…

A: As per guideline, I can do only first one. Please re-post pending question in next post. I hope you…

Q: Consider the language L = {a'b'c* | i # j,j # k, i # k}; it is not a context- free language. Show…

A: Pumping lemma for CFL is used to prove the language is not cfl using some valid string s.  Never use…

Q: Demonstrate that 's = t' is not a logical consequence of the following set (T) of PL sentences. Г:…

A:

Q: Suppose that T is a set of formulas and A and B are two formulas. (a) Show that if TE AA B, then IF…

A: Please check the step 2 for solution

Q: If L=xyzy where x,y,z e (0,1)*, then L is CFL or regular? Explain with proper justification.

A: Given language is, L=xyzy where x,y,z belongs to (0,1)*. A language is said to be Context free if…

Q: can we conclude S from the following premises P=>Q P=>R negation(Q^R) SvP

A: Answer the above question are as follows

Q: Computer Science P(A)=0,6 P(B)=0,4 P(C)=0,3 P(D)=0,2 P(E)=0.1 P(A|D,E)=? find the solution using…

A: Given Data : P(A) = 0 , 6 P(B) = 0 , 4 P(C) = 0 , 3 P(D) = 0 , 2 P(E) = 0.1

Q: Let R=ABCDEGHK and F= {ABK→C, A→DG, B→K, K→ADH, H→GE} . Is it in BCNF? Prove

A: The FDs are ABK→C A→DG B→K K→ADH H→GE Closure (B) ={B, K, A, D, H, G, E, C}

Q: Complete the logical proof for the following argument. ExP(x) X(P(x) → Q(x)) : 3xQ(x) Justification…

A: Here we have given 2 premises and one conclusion in predicate calculus. Premise 1 ∃x P(x) There…

Q: 1. Here is a model M: Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} P : {1, 3, 5}, Q : {2, 4, 5}, R : ∅, S : {3, 4} a : 3,…

A: Given : Domain: {1,2,3,4,5} P ∧ Q : {1,2,3,4,5}

Q: Consider the formula F = Vx3y.p(x) → [r(x, y) ^ r(f(x), f(y))]. (a) Show that F is satisfiable by…

A: Answer is given below-

Q: In the Bayesian Network below, is it guaranteed that G is independent of B given C, E, D? Explain…

A:

Q: Prove that if X is an answer set of a traditional program P so that for some rule   A0 ←…

A: Hey there, I am writing the required solution of the questin mentioned above. Please do find the…

Q: 2. Let RE be the set of regular expressions over alphabet E = {0, 1}, and for r E RE, let L(r) be…

A: Regular Expressions Just as finite automata are used to recognize patterns of strings, regular…

Q: Let P be the wff A → B. Prove or disprove whether P is equivalent to any of the following related…

A:

Q: Please explain in detail Use semantic tableaux to prove or disprove the following entailment: а: [p…

A: a: [p→ (¬h → c)]^(p → ¬h) ‡ p → c b: (p^q) →r ‡  (p →r) V (q→r)

Q: Prove by Systematic Semantic Tableaux ∃xR(x,x)∨∃x[R(x,x)→¬∃yR(y,x)]

A: Given that  ∃xR(x,x)∨∃x[R(x,x)→¬∃yR(y,x)]

Q: The theorem indicates that any continueous function: S:RN → RM „can be realized by a network with…

A: Task : The task is to give the reason for using the deep neural network instead of having a wide…

Q: Consider the wffs: φ1 ≡ p1 → (p2 → (p3 → p4)) φ2 ≡ (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ p3) → p4 (a) Technically speaking,…

A: Answer: our guideline is answer first three question from the first question. so we will answer one…

Q: Use a truth-tree to determine whether the following set of sentences is consistent. If it is…

A: Solution : Decomposing a Predicte Truth Trees : Strategic Rules Explanation : When a domain includes…

Q: Question 1:Let P(x) be the statement "x =x" If the domain consists of the integers, what are the…

A: Given statement "x=x^2n" a) For P(0) 0 = 0^2n, RHS = 0, LHS = 0, hence P(0) is tautology. b) P(-1) -…

Q: For each pair of atomic sentences, give the most general unifier if it exists: 1. P(N, M, z), P(x,…

A: Please upvote. I am providing you the correct answer below. please please please please.

Q: 2. Let RE be the set of regular expressions over alphabet E = {0, 1}, and for r€ RB, let L(r) be the…

A: Regular Expressions Just as finite automata are used to recognize patterns of strings, regular…

Q: Consider the following propositions: p="lt is cloudy" q="It is rainy" r="| will play outside" s="I…

A: ANSWER Option A

Q: Suppose that relations R and S have n tuples and m tuples respectively. What is the minimum number…

A:

Q: 6. Let M = (Q,Sigma,s, q0, F) be a dfa and define cfg g= (v,sigma, R,S) as follows: 1. V=Q; 2. For…

A: Answer :

Q: Question 1: Use the pumping lemma and closure to prove that these languages over alphabet E are not…

A: Here we discuss theory of pumping lemma and answer : Figure:

Q: Show that if P = NP, then "if the language A on the alphabet 2 is not NP-hard, then A=Φ or A= Σ…

A: NP-hard is at least as hard as any NP-problem.

Q: Show that starting with an initial state vector with equal entries in the iterative scheme x®) =…

A: So we have to proof or show that iterative scheme which is given below

Q: Show that the language S is decidable, where S is defined as follows. S = {(M) | M is a DFA that…

A: ANSWER:-

Q: Let L(X) be the statement "  X visited London", let P(X) be the statement " X visited Paris" and let…

A: Answer to the above question is in step2.

Q: Decide whether the given set of sentences are Con Inconsistent. 1. SM -~ C & [U v (- C & B)] C 2. SM…

A: Lets see the solution in the next steps

Q: 1. Prove that p E F- [p] E F$. (Hint: the forward direction is immediate. For the converse, consider…

A: Solution: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{enumerate}…

Q: Show that each of the following pairs of sentences are provably equivalent in SL : a. J → F, ¬(J ∧…

A: The solution is given below step

Q: Given a CFG G over {a, b}, G: S -> SAB | a | B |  A -> a | ABa B-> b | ab (a) Prove that G is…

A: (a) When there are many Left Most Derivation Trees (LMDTs) or Right Most Derivation Trees (RMDTs)…

Q: A. Convert the binary number 001100101.110111 to hexadecimal.

A: As per the company guidelines, we are supposed to answer only first question. Kindly re-post other…

Predicates

A predicate is a function defined with set of variables, which returns the result True or False. The output of a predicate is a Boolean value as a response when given a set of parameters: