The solar power striking Earth every day averages 168watts per square meter. The highest ever recorded electricalpower usage in New York City was 13,200 MW. A recordestablished in July of 2013. Considering that present technologyfor solar energy conversion is about 10% efficient,from how many square meters of land must sunlight becollected in order to provide this peak power? (For comparison,the total area of New York City is 830 km2.)

The solar power striking Earth every day averages 168watts per square meter. The highest ever recorded electricalpower usage in New York City was 13,200 MW. A recordestablished in July of 2013. Considering that present technologyfor solar energy conversion is about 10% efficient,from how many square meters of land must sunlight becollected in order to provide this peak power? (For comparison,the total area of New York City is 830 km2.)

Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning with these NEW titles from Engineering!)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781305387102

Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.

Publisher:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.

Chapter5: Analysis Of Convection Heat Transfer

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5.39P

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1.47 A flat roof is modeled as a flat plate insulated on the bottom and placed in the sunlight. If the radiant heat that the roof receives from the sun is , the convection heat transfer coefficient between the roof and the air is 12 W/m2 K, and the air temperature is , determine the roof temperature for the following two cases: (a) Radiative heat loss to space is negligible, (b) The roof is black and radiates to space, which is assumed to be a black- body at 0 K.
1.76 Explain a fundamental characteristic that differentiates conduction from convection and radiation.
Determine the power requirement of a soldering iron in which the tip is maintained at 400C. The tip is a cylinder 3 mm in diameter and 10 mm long. The surrounding air temperature is 20C, and the average convection heat transfer coefficient over the tip is 20W/m2K. The tip is highly polished initially, giving it a very low emittance.
A spherical communications satellite, 2 m in diameter, is placed in orbit around the earth. The satellite generates 1000 W of internal power from a small nuclear generator. If the surface of the satellite has an emittance of 0.3, and is shaded from solar radiation by the earth, estimate its surface temperature.
A black hole is a blackbody if ever there was one, so it should emit blackbody radiation, called Hawking radiation. A black hole of mass M has a total energy of MC2, a surface area of 16πG2M2 / c4 and a temperature of hc3 /16π2kGM. Estimate the typical wavelength of the Hawking radiation emitted by a one-solar-mass (2 x 1030 kg) black hole. Compare your answer to the size of the black hole
According to the U.S. Geological survey, the volume of water in oceans, seas, and bays is 1.41 ✕ 1018 m3. The average concentration of naturally occurring uranium in seawater is 3.15 ✕ 10−6 kg/m3. If 0.670% of naturally occurring uranium is the fissionable isotope U-235 and each fission reaction yields 200 MeV, estimate the amount of time the uranium in the seawater on the planet could meet the planet's energy needs at an average usage of 1.94 ✕ 1013 J/s.
When a hydrocarbon fuel is burned, almost all of the carbon in the fuel burns completely to form CO2 (carbon dioxide). On average, 0.59 kg of CO2 is produced for each kWh of electricity generated from a power plant that burns natural gas. A typical new household refrigerator uses about 700 kWh of electricity per year. There are 50,000 households in the city. If the area of the city is 190 miles2, and if all that CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, calculate the increase in CO2 concentration by weight in the atmosphere knowing that each cm2 of area carries a column of air that weighs 1 kg. If 1 mature tree absorbs 48 lbm of CO2 per year, what is the ratio of trees to households this city should have to counter the effect of refrigeration?
In the United States, energy for household heating is generally sold using English units, e.g., therm, gal, and cord. A house in Wisconsin uses 1200 therms of thermal energy during the heating season. Calculate the cost of fuel if the furnace uses (a) natural gas with an efficiency of 70%; (b) No. 2 fuel oil, efficiency 65%; (c) kerosene, efficiency 99.9% (unvented); and (d) wood with l5% moisture with an efficiency of 50%. Use the data in Tables 2.2, 2.7, and 2.13. The efficiencies are based on the HHV. Assume the cost of natural gas is $8/MBtu, the cost of No. 2 fuel oil is $3/gal, the cost of kerosene is $3.50/gal, and the cost of wood is $100/cord. Assume the bulk density of cord wood is 30 lbm/ft3 .
Determine the following at 3 P.M. solar time at 30°N latitude. i) Altitude and solar azimuth angle on June 21. (ii) Angle of incidence on June 8 on a vertical wall facing south. (iii) Direct solar radiation on June 21. (iv) Diffuse radiation on a roof facing SE with ø = 60° on July 21. (v) Instantaneous heat gain through 3 m wide x 2.5 m high glass window facing SE recessed 0.4 m inside. Outside and inside temperatures are 40 C and 25°C.
Match the following 1353 W/m2 -Global irradiance 10.3 x 106 watts -solar radiation absorbed in atmosphere 1kW/m2 -Solar power intercepted by earth 1.8 x 1011 MW -Solar irradiance outside atmosphere
When a hydrocarbon fuel is burned, almost all of the carbon in the fuel burns completely to form CO2 (carbon dioxide). On average, 0.59 kg of CO2 is produced for each kWh of electricity generated from a power plant that burns natural gas. A typical new household refrigerator uses about 700 kWh of electricity per year. A city's refrigerators produce 20,650 mton CO2/year (50,000 households in the city). If the area of the city is 190 miles2, and if all that CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, calculate the increase in CO2 concentration by weight in the atmosphere knowing that each cm2 of area carries a column of air that weighs 1 kg. If 1 mature tree absorbs 48 lbm of CO2 per year, what is the ratio of trees to households this city should have to counter the effect of refrigeration?
When a hydrocarbon fuel is burned, almost all of the carbon in the fuel burns completely to form CO2 (carbon dioxide). On average, 0.59 kg of CO2 is produced for each kWh of electricity generated from a power plant that burns natural gas. A typical new household refrigerator uses about 700 kWh of electricity per year. The city's refrigerators produce. 20,650 mton CO2/year. If the area of the city is 190 miles2, and if all that CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere, calculate the increase in CO2 concentration by weight in the atmosphere knowing that each cm2 of area carries a column of air that weighs 1 kg. If 1 mature tree absorbs 48 lbm of CO2 per year, what is the ratio of trees to households this city should have to counter the effect of refrigeration?