The term "gene expression" refers to the O process by which genetic information is transformed nucleic acid information into a functional protein. O the fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes. O the fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes. flow of information from parent to offspring.
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- Let’s suppose a researcher was interested in the effects of mutationson the expression of a protein-encoding gene for a proteinthat is 472 amino acids in length. This protein is expressed in leafcells of Arabidopsis thaliana. It has a molecular mass of approximately56,640 Da. Make a drawing that shows the expected resultsof a Western blot using proteins isolated from the leaf cells thatwere obtained from the following plants:Lane 1. A plant homozygous for a nonmutant geneLane 2. A plant homozygous for a deletion that removes the promoterfor this geneLane 3. A heterozygous plant in which one gene is nonmutant andthe other gene has a mutation that introduces an early stop codon atcodon 112Lane 4. A plant homozygous for a mutation that introduces anearly stop codon at codon 112Lane 5. A plant homozygous for a mutation that changes codon108 from a phenylalanine codon into a leucine codonHomozygosity for extremely rare mutations in a humangene called SCN9A cause complete insensitivity topain (congenital pain insensitivity or CPA) and a totallack of the sense of smell (anosmia). The SCN9A geneencodes a sodium channel protein required for transmission of electrical signals from particular nerves inthe body to the brain. The failure to feel pain is a dangerous condition as people cannot sense injuries.The SCN9A gene has 26 exons and encodes a1977-amino acid polypeptide. Consanguineous matings in three different families have resulted in individuals with CPA/anosmia. In Family 1, a G-to-Atransition in exon 15 results in a truncated protein that is898 amino acids long; in Family 2, deletion of a singlebase results in a 766-amino acid polypeptide; and inFamily 3, a C-to-G transversion in exon 10 yields a458-amino acid protein.a. Hypothesize as to how each of the three SCN9Amutations affects gene structure: Why are truncatedproteins made in each case? b. How would you…in the visual system, it is critical to keep a subset of neuronal genes in a repressed state to maintain stability. Activity of which enzymes contributes to the maintenance of this state of gene repression? Question 37 options: HAT SWI/SNF HDAC RNA Pol II
- . In an effort to determine the location of an operator sitefor a negatively regulated gene, you have made a seriesof deletions within the regulatory region. The extent ofeach deletion is shown by the line underneath the sequence, and the resulting expression from the operon(i = inducible; c = constitutive; − = no expression) isalso indicated.... GGAT C T T AGCCGGCTAACATGATAAATATAA......C C T AGAATCGGCCGA TTGTA C T A TTT ATAT T ...1 i2 –3 c4 –5 ca. What can you conclude from these data about thelocation of the operator site?b. Why do you think deletions 2 and 4 show no expression of the gene?The symbols a, b, and c in the table below represent theE. coli lac system genes for the repressor (I ), the operator(O) region, and the β-galactosidase (Z), although notnecessarily in that order. Furthermore, the order inwhich the symbols are written in the genotypes is notnecessarily the actual sequence in the lac operon.Activity (+) or inactivity (−) of Z geneGenotype Inducer absent Inducer presenta- b+ c+ + +a+ b+ c- + +a+ b- c- - a+ b- c+/a- b+ c- + +a+ b+ c+/a- b- c- - +a+ b+ c-/a- b- c+ - +a- b+ c+/a+ b- c- + +a. Which symbol (a, b, or c) represents each of the lacgenes I, O, and Z ?b. In the table, a superscript minus sign on a gene symbolmerely indicates a mutant, but some mutant behaviorsin this system are given special mutant designations.Using the conventional gene symbols for the lac operon,designate each genotype in the table.3. Jacques Monod, one of the geneticists who won the NobelPrize in medicine for deciphering the regulatory control of thelac operon, famously stated:“All that is true for E. coli, is true for the elephant.” • In 2-3 sentences, provide a rationale for why Monod’sstatement accurately reflects fundamental shared featuresof gene regulatory control in common between prokaryotesand eukaryotes. • In an additional 2-3 sentences, provide a critical analysisthat describes in detail AT LEAST TWO of the keydifferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in howthey regulate their genes.
- You are studying an operon containing three genesthat are cotranscribed in the order hupF, hupH, andhupG. Diagram the mRNA for this operon, showingthe location of the 5′ and 3′ ends, all open readingframes, translational start sites, stop codons, transcription termination signals, and any regions thatmight be in the mRNA but do not serve any of thesefunctions.Compare and contrast (that means tell me how the are similar AND how they are different) gene regulation mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. explain why regulation is more complex in multicellular eukaryotic organisms as compared to prokaryotic organisms by providing examples of eukaryotic gene regulation mechanisms (you don’t have to give me all the steps, just the concepts).97Which of the following is examples of a transposable element found in bacteria? (multiple choice questions)A.IS903b.Tn5c.IS1D.Xis 98What is the key component of the catalytic site of the spliceosome? (multiple choice questions)A.DNAb.ribosomesc.proteinD.RNA 99Which antibiotic can binds to RNA polymerase and blocks an early step in RNA synthesis?A.Ampicillinb.Chloramphenicolc.RimantidineD.None of the above 100All tRNA molecules have poly (A) tails at their 3' end. Yesorno
- Six strains of E. coli (mutants 1–6) that had one of thefollowing mutations (i–vi) affecting the lac operonwere isolated.i. deletion of lacYii. ocmutationiii. missense mutation in lacZiv. inversion of the lac operon (but not an inversion ofthe lacI gene)v. superrepressor mutationvi. inversion of lacZ, Y, and A but not lacI, P, oa. Which of these mutations would prevent the strainfrom utilizing lactose?b. The entire lac operon (including the lacI gene andits promoter) from each of the six E. coli strainswas cloned into a plasmid vector containing an ampicillin resistance gene. Each recombinant plasmidwas transformed into each of the six strains to create partial diploids. In analysis of these strains, mutant 1 was found to carry a deletion of lacY, so thisstrain corresponds to mutation i in the list above.Which of the other types of mutations would be expected to complement mutant 1 in these partial diploids so as to allow lactose utilization?c. In part (b), each strain was plated on…Some prion-related diseases, such as familial fatal insomnia, areinherited. How would you expect the mutation has altered the PrPgene in this case? Would it have affected the promoter, the regulatorysequences, or the coding sequence of the PrP gene?Researchers have successfully used gene therapy toameliorate some human genetic diseases by adding anormal gene copy to cells whose genomes originallyhad only nonfunctional mutant copies of that gene.For example, a form of blindness due to the lack of asingle protein called RPE65 has been reversed byintroduction of a normal RPE65 gene to cells of theretina of adults.a. The success of this gene therapy approach providesus with clues about the role of the RPE65 proteinin the retina. Do you think that RPE65 is neededfor the proper development of the human eye?b. Can you see a potential difficulty in applying this genetherapy approach for diseases like microcephaly?