Theorem 3. If S is a non-empty set of real numbers which is bounded above, then a real number s is the supremum of S if and only if the following two conditions hold : (i) xSs VxE S.
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- 9. The definition of an even integer was stated in Section 1.2. Prove or disprove that the set of all even integers is closed with respect to a. addition defined on . b. multiplication defined on .Label each of the following statements as either true or false. The Well-Ordering Theorem implies that the set of even integers contains a least element.31. Prove statement of Theorem : for all integers and .
- 2. In each of the following parts, a relation is defined on the set of all integers. Determine in each case whether or not is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Justify your answers. a. if and only if . b. if and only if . c. if and only if for some in . d. if and only if . e. if and only if . f. if and only if . g. if and only if . h. if and only if . i. if and only if . j. if and only if . k. if and only if .A relation R on a nonempty set A is called asymmetric if, for x and y in A, xRy implies yRx. Which of the relations in Exercise 2 areasymmetric? In each of the following parts, a relation R is defined on the set of all integers. Determine in each case whether or not R is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive. Justify your answers. a. xRy if and only if x=2y. b. xRy if and only if x=y. c. xRy if and only if y=xk for some k in . d. xRy if and only if xy. e. xRy if and only if xy. f. xRy if and only if x=|y|. g. xRy if and only if |x||y+1|. h. xRy if and only if xy i. xRy if and only if xy j. xRy if and only if |xy|=1. k. xRy if and only if |xy|1.25. Prove that if and are integers and, then either or. (Hint: If, then either or, and similarly for. Consider for the various causes.)
- Let a and b be constant integers with a0, and let the mapping f:ZZ be defined by f(x)=ax+b. Prove that f is one-to-one. Prove that f is onto if and only if a=1 or a=1.12. Let Z denote the set of all integers, and let Prove that .For each of the following relations R defined on the set A of all triangles in a plane, determine whether R is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive. Justify your answers. a. aRb if and only if a is similar to b. b. aRb if and only if a is congruent to b.
- 13. Consider the set of all nonempty subsets of . Determine whether the given relation on is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Justify your answers. a. if and only if is subset of . b. if and only if is a proper subset of . c. if and only if and have the same number of elements.16. Let and define on by if and only if . Determine whether is reflexive, symmetric, or transitive.Label each of the following statements as either true or false. Let R be a relation on a nonempty set A that is symmetric and transitive. Since R is symmetric xRy implies yRx. Since R is transitive xRy and yRx implies xRx. Hence R is alsoreflexive and thus an equivalence relation on A.