There are 2 firms: Firm X and Firm Y. Firm X has the following cost to pollution reduction: MCx = 10 + 2Qx Firm Y has the following cost to pollution reduction: MCy = 4 + 4Qy Both firms currently produce 100 units of pollution, for a combined production of 200 units. The government has decided to reduce total pollution to 56 units. To do this, the government introduces 56 tradable permits, giving 28 to each firm. What is the equilibrium price of each permit?
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- Economists sometimes shock noneconomists by stating that they do not favor the complete elimination of pollution. Explain the rationale for this position.The perfectly competitive profit-maximizing firm in Exhibit 6 creates water and air pollution as a consequence of producing its output of pigs. If pollution costs are borne by third parties, the firm will maximize economic profit by choosing to a. voluntarily incur costs to reduce its pollution. b. produce at output rate Q3. c. produce at output rate Q2. d. produce at output rate Q4. EXHIBIT 6 Private and Social CostFrom an economic viewpoint, the optimal amount of pollution a. is zero because all pollution imposes costs on society. b. is that amount firms create when they maximize economic profits by setting their marginal private costs equal to market price. c. is that amount where the marginal social costs of producing a good precisely equals the price of the good. d. Both answers b. and c. are correct.
- (Optimal Provision of Public Goods) Using at least two individual consumers, show how the market demand curve is derived from individual demand curves (a) for a private good and (b) for a public good. Once you have derived the market demand curve in each case, introduce a market supply curve and then show the optimal level of production.Suppose a municipality votes to reduce the combined pollution introduced by three local companies. Presently, each firm creates 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. The government can reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units by choosing between the following two methods: Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government imposes pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government issues tradable pollution permits. The costs faced by each firm are different, so it is more difficult for some firms to reduce pollution than others. The following table shows the cost faced by each firm to eliminate each unit of pollution. Assume that the cost of eliminating all 4 units of pollution (that is, reducing pollution to zero) is prohibitively expensive for all three firms. Firm Cost of Eliminating the... First Unit of Pollution Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Firm…Assume citizens of Destrahan are complaining that Shell Chemical and Dow Chemical are polluting the environment. Currently, each firm emits 40 tons of pollution per year. Shell Chemical could reduce its pollution at a cost of $500 per ton, and Dow Chemical could reduce its pollution at a cost of $100 per ton. To reduce overall pollution to 40 units, the mayor gives each firm 20 tradable pollution permits. Each permit allows a firm to emit one ton of pollution. Assuming each permit has a market value is $200, what is the cost of reducing pollution to the desired level? a.$2,000 b.$4,000 c.$8,000 d.$10,000
- Suppose a municipality votes to reduce the combined pollution introduced by three local companies. Presently, each firm creates 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. The government can reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units by choosing between the following two methods:Methods to Reduce Pollution1. The government imposes pollution standards using regulation.2. The government issues tradable pollution permits.The costs faced by each firm are different, so it is more difficult for some firms to reduce pollution than others. The following table shows the cost faced by each firm to eliminate each unit of pollution. Assume that the cost of eliminating all 4 units of pollution (that is, reducing pollution to zero) is prohibitively expensive for all three firms.FirmCost of Eliminating the...First Unit of PollutionSecond Unit of PollutionThird Unit of Pollution(Dollars)(Dollars)(Dollars)Firm A 130 165 220Firm B 600 750 1,200Firm C…Firm A currently dumps 223 tons of chemicals into the local river. Firm B currently dumps 192 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 10 pollution permits. The abatement costs of one ton of pollution is $173 for Firm A and $76 for Firm B. What would be the total cost of reducing pollution, if the firms are allowed to trade permits between each other?Two identical firms save money from polluting. A firm’s marginal savings from emitting an amount e are given by 10 − 2e. The two firms differ in their impact on ambient pollution concentrations. Two units of emissions from firm 1 result in one unit of ambient pollution, while one unit of emissions from firm 2 results in one unit of ambient pollution. a) Initially the policy-maker decides to institute a standard cap and trade program instead of regulating ambient pollution. If each firm is initially given three emission permits, how many permits will each firm end up with and what will be the price? b) The policy-maker realizes the differences between the firms and de- cides to institute ambient pollution permit trading. What are the transfer coefficients for each of the firms? If instead each firm is given two ambient pollution permits and trading takes place, how much will each firm end up emitting, and what will be the price?
- Suppose the government wants to reduce the total pollution emitted by three local firms. Currently, each firm is creating 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. If the government wants to reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units, it can choose between the following two methods: Available Methods to Reduce Pollution 1. The government sets pollution standards using regulation. 2. The government allocates tradable pollution permits. Each firm faces different costs, so reducing pollution is more difficult for some firms than others. The following table shows the cost each firm faces to eliminate each unit of pollution. For each firm, assume that the cost of reducing pollution to zero (that is, eliminating all 4 units of pollution) is prohibitively expensive. Firm Cost of Eliminating the... First Unit of Pollution Second Unit of Pollution Third Unit of Pollution (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Firm X 130 165 220…Firm A currently dumps 243 tons of chemicals into the local river. Firm B currently dumps 126 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives Firm A 61 pollution permits and gives Firm B 65 pollution permits. The abatement costs of one ton of pollution is $113 for Firm A and $165 for Firm B. What would be the total cost of reducing pollution, if the government does NOT allow the firm to trade the permits between each other?Suppose that the firm’s production activity causes so much pollution that the authorities limit its output to 11 tons in total. By using Lagrangian method, find the number of tons of each of commodity A and B, and the firm’s maximization profit.