This is the first step after interphase. Sister chromatids (pairs of chromosomes) are formed and the nucleus disappears. This is the second step. The sister chromatids are lined up along the center of the cell to get ready to be pulled apart. Spindles act like guide ropes to get the chromatids in position. ine This is the third step. The identical sister chromatids get pulled apart by the spindles. This is the 4th step. There are now two identical groups of chromosomes. A new nucleus forms around each set. This is cytokinesis. The cytoplasm gets divided in half forming two fully independent cells.
Structure and Composition of Cell Membrane
Despite differences in structure and function, all living cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a cell membrane. Just like the outer layer of the skin separates the body from its environment similarly, the cell membrane, also known as 'plasma membrane,' separates the inner content from its exterior environment.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is known by different names like plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, or biological membrane. The term "cell membrane" was first introduced by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in the year 1855. Later on, in 1931, the term "plasmalemma" for cell membrane was given by J. Plowe. The cell membrane separates the cell's internal environment from the extracellular space. This separation allows the protection of cells from their environment.
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
The cell is defined as the basic structural and functional unit of life. The cell membrane bounds it. It is capable of independent existence.
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