"Volatility smile" is referred to as evidence against the Black-Scholes model. Why is that? а. Black-Scholes model generates option premium close to the observed premium if the observed stock volatility is used
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- Market equity beta measures the covariability of a firms returns with all shares traded on the market (in excess of the risk-free interest rate). We refer to the degree of covariability as systematic risk. The market prices securities so that the expected returns should compensate the investor for the systematic risk of a particular stock. Stocks carrying a market equity beta of 1.20 should generate a higher return than stocks carrying a market equity beta of 0.90. Nonsystematic risk is any source of risk that does not affect the covariability of a firms returns with the market. Some writers refer to nonsystematic risk as firm-specific risk. Why is the characterization of nonsystematic risk as firm-specific risk a misnomer?Volatility smile” is referred to as evidence against the Black-Scholes model. Why is that? A) Black-Scholes model assumes that different options on a given stock have different values for implied volatility b.) Volatility of returns on one and the same stock, over one and the same future period of time, can only take one value C) Black-Scholes model generates option premium close to the observed premium if the observed stock volatility is usedWhich of the following statements is true? A. Because of flotation costs, dollars raised by retaining earnings must work harder than dollars raised by selling new shares. B. All other things being equal, a call option price will increase, and a put option price will decrease if an exercise price increases. C. Security market line (SML) plots return against total risk which is measured by the standard deviation of returns. D. Because potential long-term returns, income from rent-payments, diversification, and inflation hedge, real-estate would be a good investment.
- Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. Lower beta stocks have higher required returns. b. A stock's beta indicates its diversifiable risk. c. Diversifiable risk cannot be completely diversified away. d. Two securities with the same stand-alone risk must have the same betas. e. The slope of the security market line is equal to the market risk premium.Assume that the risk-free rate remains constant, but the market risk premium declines. Which of the following is most likely to occur? a. The required return on a stock with beta = 1.0 will not change. b. The required return on a stock with beta > 1.0 will increase. c. The return on "the market" will increase. d. The return on "the market" will remain constant. e. The required return on a stock with a positive beta < 1.0 will decline.The security market line (SML) is an equation that shows the relationship between risk as measured by beta and the required rates of return on individual securities. The SML equation is given below: If a stock's expected return plots on or above the SML, then the stock's return is sufficient to compensate the investor for risk. If a stock's expected return plots below the SML, the stock's return is insufficient to compensate the investor for risk.The SML line can change due to expected inflation and risk aversion. If inflation changes, then the SML plotted on a graph will shift up or down parallel to the old SML. If risk aversion changes, then the SML plotted on a graph will rotate up or down becoming more or less steep if investors become more or less risk averse. A firm can influence market risk (hence its beta coefficient) through changes in the composition of its assets and through changes in the amount of debt it uses. Quantitative Problem: You are given the following…
- If the stock price falls and the call price rises, then what has happened to the call option’s implied volatility?Assume that the CAPM assumptions hold. Consider the following statements:i. A stock with a beta below zero will tend to move in the same direction as the market but will tend to move less aggressively in that direction than the market does.ii. Alpha measures the additional risk we take on top of the risk of the market portfolio.If markets are in equilibrium, which of the following conditions will exist? a. Each stock's expected return should equal its required return as seen by the marginal investor. b. All stocks should have the same expected return as seen by the marginal investor. c. The expected and required returns on stocks and bonds should be equal. d. All stocks should have the same realized return during the coming year. e. Each stock's expected return should equal its realized return as seen by the marginal investor.
- Which of the following statement is most accurate in analyzing a stock? If the security has a lower intrinsicvalue than that of the current price_________________a. The stock is good to buyb. Buy more stocks it will definitely go upc. Buy more stocks when price increasesd. The stock is not good to buye. None of the above.Which of the followings are required assumptions for the CAPM to hold? a Investors can borrow at the risk free rate b Investors are allowed to short any company c Investors have preference for high return and low volatility for their complete portfolio d stocks with negative correlation to the market doesn't existUSE THE INFORMATION BELOW FOR THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM Stock Rit Rmt ai Beta C 12 10 0 0.8 E 10 8 0 1.1 Rit = return for stock i during period t Rmt = return for the aggregate market during period t What is the abnormal rate of return for Stock C during period t using only the aggregate market return (ignore differential systematic risk)?